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Trade Theory
Diesel-Engine
13 Pages

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History

Diesel Engine

Rudolf Diesel was an employee of the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg (MAN). In 1892 his engine priciple was patented. Nobody knows how he was dying. On the way to England by ship he most probably drowned.
Rudolf Diesel
1858 - 1913

First functioning Diesel engine in 1897

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Classification of Engines Engine

Diesel Engine

according to

Duty cycle

Working principle Reciprocating piston Rotary piston

Layout of cylinders

Fuel

Mixure formation Induction system Exterior Mixture formation

Ignition

Cooling

Engine filling Suction engine Charged engine

Four stroke

In-line

Petrol

Spark ignition Compression ignition

Water

Two stroke

Diesel

Air

Turbine

Oposed cylinder

Gas

VR

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Overview of the Bosch diesel fuel-injection systems

Diesel Engine

M, MW, A, P, ZWM, CW = In-line injection pumps in order of increasing size PF = Single-plunger injection pumps VE = Axial-piston distributor injection pumps VR = Radial-piston distributor injection pumps UPS = Unit pump system UIS = Unit injector system CR = Common rail system

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Diesel 4 Stroke Engine

Diesel Engine

Fuel injector Camshaft Exhaust Channel Intake Channel Intake Valve

BDC

TDC

Exhaust Valve Cylinder Stroke

Piston Rings
Piston Pin Piston Connecting Rod Crankshaft Crank Case

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Compression Ratio
Otto-Engine

Diesel Engine

Diesel-Engine

TDC

1 2 3
Stroke S

4 5 6 7 8

BDC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Compression Ratio : 7-10 : 1

Compression Ratio : 14-22 : 1

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Diesel combustion principle

Diesel Engine

Pre-chamber process
Valve Injection nozzle Pre-combustion chamber Glow plug Ball pin Channel Combustion chamber Piston rings Piston Principle The combustion chamber is subdivided. The fuel is injected through a pintle nozzle into the pre-combustion chamber. This pre-precombustion chamber is connected to the cylinder combustion chamber through a channel. Facts - Injection pressure 90-120 bar, - Lower peak pressure - Soft and silent running of engine - More uniform mixture formation - Smaller ignition lag - Higher fuel consumtion

Glow plugs are necessary for starting the engine because the cooling surface is large.

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Diesel combustion principle Whirl-chamber process
Valve Injection nozzle Principle The combustion chamber is sub-divided. The fuel is injected into a mostly sperical-shaped whirl chamber through a pintle nozzle in a broad spray. The connecting aperture to the cylinder chamber is wide, and runs mostly tangential. Good turbulence of the fuel with air. Glow plugs are needed for starting.

Diesel Engine

Whirl chamber Channel Combustion chamber Piston rings Piston

Facts - Injection pressure 100-125 bar - Lower peak pressures and combustion shocks. - Soft and silent running of engine - Good mixture formation - Smaller ignition lag - Higher fuel consumtion

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Diesel combustion principle Direct injection process
Principle The finaly atomized fuel coming through single or multi-hole jets is directly injected into the cylinder chamber. No Glow plugs are required to start the engine because the cooling surface is small.

Diesel Engine

Valve Injection nozzle Combustion chamber Integrated combustion chamber Piston

Facts - Injection pressure 200 bar - Low heat loss - Good starting property - Low fuel comsumtion ca. 245 g/kWh - Gretaer ignition lag - Uniform mixture formation more difficult - Harder running of the engine - Greater maximum pressure

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Diesel combustion principle M-System
Valve Injection nozzle Combustion chamber Pistionrecess Principle of the M-System (Centre Sphere Method) Sub-divided combustion chamber. Spherical shaped combustion chamber in the centre of the piston. A twisted channel in the suction line creates a powerful turbulence. The fuel is injected almost without atomizing through a single or doublehole jet on the surface of the combustion chamber. The fuel film is vaporized by the hot turbulent air. The fuel-air mixture burns layer-wise.

Diesel Engine

Facts - Injection pressure 175 bar - Lower prerssure peaks - Smaller ignition lag - Softer burning - Elestic and silent engine running - Intensive to fuel (multi fuel engine) - Lower fuel consumtion (200-230 g/kWh)

Pistion

M = Mittenkugelbrennraum This system was developed by the truck manufacturer MAN MAN = Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg

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Heater for diesel-fuel

Diesel Engine

Fuel tank

Fuel heater Electric line Fuel filter

Fuel-injection pump

Fuel adaption Fuel problems which normally occur at low temperatures as a result of precipitation of parafin crystals can be avoided by filter heating or direct fuel heating. Or, the flow properties can be improved by a admixture of petroleum or regular-grade gasoline. Guide-value : 10 30 % can be added, depending on the temperature. The instructions of the vehicle manufacturer must be observed here. Attention ! Never mix petroleum or gasoline into dieselfuel on vehicles with common-rail injection system. Diesel fuel is offered regionally with guarantees problem-free operation down to 23 C

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Start-assist system for diesel-engines Pre-heating with glow plug

Diesel Engine

Pre-heating for start period In direct-injection engines, pre-heating of the intake air acts as a start-assyst measure. In the case of pre-chamber engines, a glow plug in the whirl chamber or pre-chamber acts as a starting aid. Modern glow plugs with a pre-heating time of only a few seconds permit rapid starting. Both measures serve to improve fuel vaporization and mixture preparation and thus achieve reliable ignition of the air-fuel mixture.

Injection nozzle

Glow plug

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Diesel Engine