Learning Theories in Social Perspective

III) Learning theories based on Social Perspective

Social or Neobehaviourism

- suggested that learning theory should integrate behaviourism and cognitive perspective.
prominent social psychologist from

- Albert Bandura (1925-) a Canadian emphasized learning through the observation and imitation i.e. modelling.

Social Learning Theory

states that learning

is the interaction between an individuals intrinsic motivation and behaviour with his environment.

Environment

Behaviour

Individual
Figure 3.42: Interaction among individual characteristics, behaviour and environment in social learning process.

Three Basic Elements in Social Learning (Social Cognitive) Theory

B
Behaviour
(individuals respond or action)

E
Environment
(external stimulus)

I
Individual Process
(Intrinsic motivation - drive, interest, cognitions, expectations, beliefs etc)

 Example

- Katie is learning to high jump (B) because her school offers coaching (E) and she believes she could be good at it (I). Suggestions from her coach (E) and improved skill at the sport (B) increase her confidence (I).

Banduras Modelling Theory

From an experiment of a group of

kindergarten children (age 3-6 years) proved that children normally imitate the behaviour they have observed. observation from behaviour by other people. form of human behaviour.

Thus model imitation is the result of

Learning through observation is a basic

Banduras Modelling Theory

Observation learning occurs when an

individuals reaction is influenced by observation of others, known as models.

Model = people who has been observed. Modelling = learning process through

observation of the models behaviour.

Example: Learning dancing

Learning Process through Observation (Modelling)

Banduras (1986) four basic elements in the learning process through observation are I. Attention II. Retention III. Reproduction IV.Motivation/Reinforcement

Learning Process through Observation (Modelling) cont.

I. Attention

Learning only occur when there is concentration while observing. Factors influencing attention are:

- characteristics of model (age, status, value and relationship with observer) - its advantages - observers skill

Learning Process through Observation (Modelling) cont.

II. Retention

sustain the behaviour observed in his memory by using language and imagination language; we remember the right words and phrases Imagination; we can think and visualize

Learning Process through Observation (Modelling) cont.

III. Reproduction

enable individual to repeat his imitated behaviour depends on his physical ability and psychomotor of his imitating and memorizing skill

Learning Process through Observation (Modelling) cont.

IV. Motivation/ Reinforcement

satisfaction and positive reward will encourage the individual to imitates and repeats the observed behaviour. may not repeat the behaviour if he was punished or scolded Imitated behaviour will be repeated if there are direct, vicarious reinforcement, positive self-concept and self-regulation.

Processes of observation learning modelling

Annabelle observes
Michelle greets the teacher in the morning

Imitation:
Tendency of Annabelle to greet the teacher strengthened.

Reinforcement:
Teacher replies and smiles back

Note: If negative behaviour was observed the individual will learn too if he is unable to justify whether the behaviour good. Example: smoking

Characteristics of Banduras Modelling Theory

Observation and imitation are the main

learning components. Models behaviour can be learned. Satisfaction and positive reinforcement enable pupils to imitate skill of his model and master the skill. Learning process covers observation, thinking, memory, imitation and ended with positive reinforcement.

Implications of Banduras Modelling Theory in Teaching and Learning

Skillful and interesting presentation from

the teacher will become a role model for pupils to follow. Teachers demonstration skill should be clear so pupils can imitate easily and accurately. Teacher should show good quality and high standard work or examples to pupils.

Implications of Banduras Modelling Theory in Teaching and Learning

Pupils who perform well can be invited to

become role models to do demonstration. Teacher should impart noble values in pupils and use stimulation or role play to demonstrate historical characters learned by pupils. Teacher can use story and real life incident to motivate pupils learning.

Learning Theories in Constructivism Perspective

IV) Learning Theory of Constructivism

According to Von Glaserfeld (1991), the

concept of constructivism is based on

- Knowledge can be formed by individuals own initiatives (in the mind). - The aim to form knowledge is to adapt oneself in the environment. - Result of individual actual experience is the process of knowledge formation.

Theory of Constructivism
originated from Piagets Cognitive

Development Theory and Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

Theory of Constructivism cont.

Psychologist

Piagets Opinion

Vygotskys opinion
Advocate (Promoter) of social constructivism. Children's mind (cognitive) develop in response to social and cultural influence.

Source of Practical knowledge Useful Focus mainly in the mental adaptations

See children as See children as social independent explorers beings developing their developing their mind mind (zone of proximal through their experiment development) through with the world of objects. interactions with parents, teachers and other knowledgeable mentors.

Theory of Constructivism cont.

Psychologist Piagets Opinion Example Vygotskys opinion Teacher coaches Mary observes Ben on how to fold carefully how her paper to make a teacher solves a paper airplane. Ben addition problem in may repeats her Mathematics. She words to himself later will then try to when he tries to remember the construct a plane. language and skill taught in her memory.

Vygotskys Learning Theory

Cognitive development is a social process and shaped by sosiocultural context . It occurs and grows out of childrens interactions with members of their culture. Is similar to Banduras observational learning. However, in vygotskys view, children do not just imitate models, instead they and their social partners co-construct the knowledge through collaboration that allow children to internalize the tools of thinking. Have stronger effect on education, serving as a basis for educational approaches in tutoring or coaching pupils by knowledgeable mentors. However, it pay little attention to biological influences and differences among individuals within the same cultural context.

Vygotskys Learning Theory cont.

Through guided participation, children

learn problem solving techniques from knowledgeable partners sensitive to their zone of proximal development (ZPD).
ZPD = the difference between what a child

can accomplish alone and with a partner (capacity of learning)

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky believed that each individual has his own zone of proximal development. The larger the ZPD, the greater the potential development or vice versa. Knowledge form through the process of inter-influence between previous learning and new learning. During the process of learning, pupils create knowledge by actively involving themselves in using previous experience to solve any contradiction arise to understand new information. Example: pupils in year three may use the mathematical skills they had learned in year two to solve their mathematical questions.

Processes of children incorporating what skilled partner say to them into what they say to themselves (ZPD)
Social speech
transformed

Private speech
Inner speech

Thinking of individual

Cultures preferred tools of problem solving

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

In addition, Theory of Constructivism also emphasized the metacognitive development process i.e. an operation to direct and control skill with cognitive process. This involves in guiding pupils to look for its meaning in planning, directing evaluating and interpreting their thinking. Thus in order to achieve effective learning, pupils need to plan their learning strategy, evaluate and reflect on what they have learned.

Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Therefore, pupils performance under the

help of adults or cooperation from peers can achieve a higher level of potential development, which beyond pupils independent ability to achieve.

To summarize
An individual actively participating in

learning should base on constructivism. The process of acquiring knowledge is not fixed, it develops and evolves. Knowledge is use as a mean to rationalize the action and experience an individual goes through. Even in the same situation, the knowledge acquired may vary for every individual.

Implications of Theory of Constructivism in Teaching and Learning.

1)

2) 3) 4) 5)

Teacher as advisor, facilitator and planner, while pupils play the main role in learning process. Cooperative and collaborative model is the most suitable teaching-learning method. Pupils knowledge and awareness influence the process of cognitive development. Assist pupils to use acquired knowledge to relate and apply to learning of new knowledge. Foster intrinsic motivation for pupils to show initiative in learning.

Implications of Theory of Constructivism in Teaching and Learning cont.

Format and instruments of evaluation of knowledge acquired should be constructed by teacher and pupils together. 7) Teacher encourages pupils to use critical and creative thinking skill and metacognitive skill to solve problem (think and make reflection on the result and achievement).
6)

Thank you for listening