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Unit objectives Discuss network communication methods Identify the characteristics and appropriate implementation techniques of various types of cables and connectors Discuss coaxial and fiber optic cables (and, of course, UTP unshielded twisted pair, AKA CAT3, 5, 5e, 6, 6e, 7, etc.) Discuss Ethernet and Token Ring devices
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On a LAN, full-duplex is normally implemented on a switch port; with a WAN, full-duplex, point-to-point connections normally end at router interfaces. Because there are only two parties to a fullduplex communication, there are no collisions! Without collisions, there is no retransmission of data, further speeding the transfer rate. Finally, a host never has to wait for another host to finish transmitting before it can send! The further increases the throughput. (Distinguish throughput the actual rate of transmission, from bandwidth and also from goodput.
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Topic A
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Topic A: Network communication methods
Topic B: Cables and connectors Topic C: Coaxial and fiber optic cables Topic D: Ethernet and Token Ring devices
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One way to look at the difference is based on the technology used. You can give someone 56k on a broadband service and give someone 11Mb on a Linksys WiFi router that is baseband networking! The distinctions are not always clear.
56k - dialup - narrowband, this includes the so-called compressed services that give you 300k downloads 128k - ISDN - narrowband, also a glorified dialup DSL, Cable, Fixed Wireless(PTMP) - Broadband, these are carrier grade services offering anywhere from 56k - 5Mb. WiFi networking/baseband - While it is providing a fast connection it is just resending the broadband it is given to be shared by all. T1, Fiber, P2P wireless Backhaul - Not really broadband. Used to deliver connections from the internet to the broadband device or network. But it is broadband for test purposes; just remember all the frequency-hopping and switching in the various transmission methods.
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Half-duplex communications need that each participant only transmits when the other is listening By using full-duplex communications, both parties can transmit simultaneously The benefit of full-duplex mode is less delay in transmitting a message, because a computer could receive and transmit information simultaneously
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Topic B
Topic A: Network communication methods
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UTP installation
During UTP installation hardware connectivity is accomplished by using an RJ-45 connector. The wires in a CAT5, 6 or 7 cable, for example are arranged into pairs: each cable carries 8 wires, or 4 pairs. The classification as CAT 5, 6, etc. is made base on the number or the frequency of the twists in each wire! The twists in wire pairs in a UTP cable are put in to protect against electrical interference from on wire affecting another. A cancellation effect. The interference is called crosstalk. More twists also allows longer cable runs.
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UTP installation:
Note that the maximum length of an ethernet cable run using CAT 5e UTP is 100 meters. This length includes all three of the segments between the networking device e.g., the router, and the workstation: next pg
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3 Meters 90 Meters 6 Meters 3 Meters: Work area patch cable. From computer to wall 90 Meters: What is considered the Horizontal Cabling. From wall outlet to the patch panel in the MDF or IDF
Main or Intermediate Distribution Facility (Server Room).
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6 Meters: The patch cable that cross connects a patch panel (in the MDF)
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Originally, it used STP and the IBM hermaphroditic connectors (below), but has since been adapted to use UTP and RJ-45 connectors
Type 1 ( 2
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Type 2 ( 4
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Type 6 ( 2
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RJ-45
RJ-45 connector and Ethernet For 10BaseT and 100BaseTX, pins 1, 2, 3, and 6 are needed to transport data. Of the 4 active pins, two are positive one transmit (#1) and one receive (#3), and two are negative again one transmit (#2) and one receive (#6). With full-duplex, all 8 pins are used. RJ-45 connector and Token Ring Many Token Ring cards have a modular connector. The active pin assignments are pins 3, 4, 5, and 6
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RJ45 Connectors
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Full-Duplex pinout
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The wires are not necessarily bi-directional, i.e., you can have 2 positive transmit and 2 positive receive; the same is true for the negative wires: 2 to send and 2 to receive.
Ethernet 1000BaseT (Twisted Pair Pinout)
Pin #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Signal Name
BI_DA+ i.e., Transmit/Receive, positive BI_DA- i.e., Transmit/Receive, negative BI_DB+ i.e., Transmit/Receive, positive BI_DC+ i.e., Transmit/Receive, positive BI_DC- i.e., Transmit/Receive, negative BI_DB- i.e., Transmit/Receive, negative BI_DD+ i.e., Transmit/Receive, positive BI_DD- i.e., Transmit/Receive, negative
Function
Bi-directional pair +A Bi-directional pair -A Bi-directional pair +B Bi-directional pair +C Bi-directional pair -C Bi-directional pair -B Bi-directional pair +D Bi-directional pair -D
RJ-45 (cont)
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The RJ-45 connector is also widely used for digital telephone sets, serial data transmissions, and many other applications. The standards for how ethernet cables are configured and wired are determined by the TIA/EIA Telecommunications Industry Association/ Electronic Industry Association. The T568A and T568B standards, for example, determine the order in which the individual wires are arranged inside an ethernet cable: Orange, Orange/White, Green/White, Blue, etc.
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The classic Token Ring cable has a DB-9 connector at one end and an IBM-style hermaphroditic data connector at the other Some manufacturers use the RJ-11 and RJ-14 modular connectors RJ-11 is a 4-pin connector while RJ14 connectors have six pins (used for telephone jacks)
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RJ-11
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RJ-14
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Two pairs of separately shielded twisted pairs Two power wires All encased in an overall shielded cable Uses a 6-pin connector on both ends
4 wire STP
Same as 6 wire STP but without power wires Uses a 4-pin connector on both ends
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Activity B-3
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(page 5-15)
Discussing FireWire
Topic C
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Topic A: Network communication methods Topic B: Cables and connectors Topic C: Coaxial and fiber optic cables
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Cost: Moderate Installation: Clumsy, compared to UTP Capacity: Up to Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps Attenuation: Better than UTP. 2 types of coax:
Thinnet or 10Base2: This is the common type of coax that we are used to see being used for cable TV. It can go 185 meters between repeaters, which is better than UTPs 100 meters.185 is close to 200, hence the 2 in 10Base2 Thicknet or 10Base5: This is horrible stuff; heavy, a pain to work with and connected using vampire taps. It can span 500 meters! between repeaters, hence the 5 in 10Base5.
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Activity C-1
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Typically has a 62.5 micron core Light travels down the core in many rays Works with LED light sources of different wavelengths
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ST: This and SC are the most common and the most often tested. Keyed BNC. On the left, below. SC: A push-pull connector. Both the transmit and receive fibers are contained in a single clip. On the right, below.
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5 Factors (page 5-19) Cost: Expensive (but usually worth it). Installation: Slow and technical. Be careful; mistakes can cost a lot of money and you can injure your eyes. Capacity: Up to 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10Gbps Attenuation: Very little. Book says 25 Km, but single mode fiber optic runs can span dozens of miles given the right conditions! In the cert exam, give the more conservative distance in the book. EMI Immunity: Immune! Also, very secure (you can cut into a copper-based cable and get information; you cannot read the light that passes through a fiber cable.
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Activity C-2
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(page 5-21)
Topic D
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Topic A: Network communication methods Topic B: Cables and connectors Topic C: Coaxial and fiber optic cables
Ethernet devices
Ethernet hub
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Take the signal transmitted from one computer and propagates it to all the other computers on the network
Hubs operate at the Physical Layer. The prototypical hub just receives a signal, boosts it a bit and sends it on its way. It never looks at any addresses it doesnt know how!)
Types of hubs
Passive Active Switching Intelligent
Passive hubs
Take incoming electrical signals on one port and pass them down the cable on its other ports a simple rebroadcast. All nodes see the signal just as if they were all connected on a physical bus topology Many passive hubs have indicator lights for power, network traffic, link state per port, and collisions But a passive hub doesnt really even need a power source to perform its job. It is not a repeater; so it does not expand the limit of the topology e.g., 100M for ethernet.
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Active hubs
Repair weak signals by actually retransmitting the data with proper transmission voltage and current This essentially resets the cable length limitations for each port on the hub Other active hubs have the ability to resynchronize data that has been received from a NIC. So they can check the timing of the data that enters the hub. This is almost a Transport layer function! An active hub extends the max distance of a network topology. With the 5-4-3 rule, you can have up to 4 repeaters (active hubs) to create 5 segments, extending the max distance for ethernet from 100M to 500M!
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Switching hubs
Each port on a switching hub is isolated from the other ports On power up, it listens to each port and records the NIC hardware address attached (this is a task normally done by a
switch!)
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Takes incoming packets and looks inside at the destination hardware address Instead of rebroadcasting this packet on all the ports, it only sends the packet out the port connected to the destination machine.
This is definitely a layer 2 job, normally done by a switch or a bridge. A hub normally does not look at the MAC address of any device it doesnt know how to read them! This isnt the only job of a switch, just one of the very important ones.
They also can be auto-sensing, so can adjust the speed of outgoing packets, and handle both 10 and 100 Mbps machines in the same network segment. With this feature, some machines can run at 100 Mbps and others can be running at 10 Mbps, and the hub can handle both!
Intelligent hubs
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The term intelligent hub is more nebulous than the terms discussed to this point An intelligent hub might
have management features support SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) be able to log into the hub (?) itself and perform tasks have advanced features
Activity D-1
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Called MSAUs
- see another Power Point for Token Ring
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MSAUs
Miscellaneous devices
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Devices used for network cabling other than Ethernet and Token ring include:
Network patch panels a bank of connectors between a network device on one side (a switch, normally) and all the wall jacks in an area on the other. Transceivers a device that allows one type of media to be connected to another. On one side is an AUI port; on the other is some kind of connector for the particular channel access method, like an RJ45, or a coax BNC, a fiber optic SC or ST, etc.
Unit summary
Discussed network communication methods Learned about UTP, STP and FireWire Learned about coaxial and fiber optic cables Discussed network devices
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