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NURSING: DEFINITIONS
NURSING (as an art)
Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
Nursing (as a profession) Profession- a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special knowledge by training or experience, or both so that they may guide, advise or save others in that special field.
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
Nursing is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (CNA)
Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse assist the client to achieve and obtain optimal health. 1987 THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE DEFINITION:
Nursing is caring Nursing is an art Nursing is a science Nursing is client-centered Nursing is holistic Nursing is adaptive Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration Nursing is a helping profession
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)
1973
Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and community during health and illness.
1980
Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.
1995
ANA acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE:
Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation. Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding of the client or groups subjective experience. Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment. Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.
NURSE: DEFINITION
NURSE
Comes from a Latin word to nourish or to cherish One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health and healthy environment.
PATIENT: DEFINITION
PATIENT
Comes from a Latin word, to Suffer or to Bear An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due to illness or a disease. Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is physically or mentally disabled.
Contemporary Period
INTUITIVE PERIOD
Prehistoric Early Christian Era More on intuition NOMADS travel from one place to another
Survival of the fittest Best for the most motto
Sickness is due to voodoo Performed out of feeling of compassion for others Performed out of desire to help Performed out of wish to do good Nursing is given by the WOMEN
INTUITIVE PERIOD
SHAMAN uses white magic to counteract the black magic
They are the doctors during those time.
Growth of religion most important thing that happened Growth of civilization Law of self preservation inspire man in search of knowledge
RISE IN CIVILIZATION
From the mode of Nomadic life agrarian society gradual development of urban community life Existence of means of communication Start of scientific knowledge more complex life increase in health problems demand for more nurses Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there was progress in the practice of Medicine. Care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic
RISE IN CIVILIZATION
Near East birth place of 3 religious ideologist:
Judaism Christianity Mohammedism or Islam
- Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks and Romans combined with the wonders of the Far East by returning crusaders and explorers improved and was carried to Europe during the Renaissance Period that resulted to greater knowledge then to the New World by the Early settlers.
RISE IN CIVILIZATION
New World a tiny area known as birth of monotheism that lies between Tigris and Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew.
BABYLONIANS
CODE OF HAMMURABI 1st recording on the medical practice Established the medical fees Discouraged experimentation Specific doctor for each disease Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms, medicine, or surgical procedure
EGYPTIANS
ART OF EMBALMING
Mummification Removing the internal organs of the dead body Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy. Since work was done and performed on the dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy
HEBREW
Teachings of MOSES
Created Leviticus Father of sanitation
Practice the values of Hospitality to strangers and the Act of Charity contained in the book of Genesis LEVITICUS 3rd book of the Old Testament
Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases Laws governing cleanliness Laws on preparation of food Purification of man and his food The ritual of CIRCUMCISION on the 8th day after birth
MOSAIC LAW
Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only
CHINA
No knowledge on anatomy Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead Method of paper making FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE:
Prohibits dissecting of human body thus thwarting scientific study
INDIA
SUSHURUTO
1st recording on the nursing practice
Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of animal worship Medicine men built hospitals Intuitive form of asepsis There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks There was also decline in Medical practice due to fall of Buddhism state religion of India
GREECE
AESCULAPUS
Father of medicine in Greek mythology
HIPPOCRATES
Father of modern medicine 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits 1st to apply assessment Practice medical ethics
CADUCEUS
Insignia of medicine Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.
ROMANS
Proper turnover for the sick people If youre strong, youre healthy motto Transition from Pagan to Christianity FABIOLA Was converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her wealth for the sick. 1st hospital in the Christian world
APPRENTICE PERIOD
11th century 1836 On-the-job training period Refers to a beginner (on-the-job training). It means care performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the Crusades in the 11th century (1836 when the deaconesses School of Nursing was established in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)
APPRENTICE PERIOD
There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure During the Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power struggle. Christians were divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.
KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS
Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases
ALEXIAN BROTHERS
A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969
LOUISE de GRAS
Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity
NURSING SAINTS
ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI
Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and chastity Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi
the poor Claire
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Practiced her profession during the Crimean War Lady with a Lamp From a well-known family Went to Germany to study
EDUCATIVE Florence Nightingale era Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale PERIOD School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in st
London England, where 1 program for formal education of Nurses began and contributed growth of Nursing in the US
Social forces Trends resulting from war Emancipation of women Increased educational opportunities
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Mother of Modern Nursing Lady with the Lamp Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL to change the profile of Nursing She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observations of sanitation practices and entered Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany for 3 months.
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during the Illness (refers to the ill governess or instructors of Nursing She disapproved restriction on admission of patient and considered this unchristian and contrary to health care. Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable profession Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and sick soldiers during the Crimean War She was designated as Superintendent of the Female Establishment of English General Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her effort by improving the practice of sanitation techniques and procedure in the military barracks
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:
School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital. Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors Correlate theories to practice Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses Introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness and sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did not believed in the Germ Theory of Bacteriology. Opposed central registry of nurses Wrote Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it is not. Wrote notes on hospitals
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING
Bellevue Training School for Nurses New York City Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it closed down in 1969.
LINDA RICHARDS the first graduate nurse in US. Graduated in September 1, 1873. 2 NURSING ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN US:
American Nurses Association National League for Nursing Education
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
World War II present This refers to the period after World War I and the changes and development in the trends and practice of Nursing occurring since 1945 after World War II. Includes scientific and technological development, social changes occurring after the war. Nursing is offered in College and Universities
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:
W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by providing health information, proper nutrition, living standard, environmental conditions. The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment. Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and treatment Health related laws Primary Health Care Nurses involvement in CHN Utilization of computers Technology advances such as development of disposable equipment and supplies that relieved the tedious task of Nurses. Development of the expanded role of Nurses
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING TODAY:
Economics
Consumers Demand
Family Structure Information and Telecommunications Legislation
Josephine Bracken
Helped Rizal in treating sick people
Francisco Delgado
1st president of Filipino Nurses Association
Socorro Sirilan
Pioneer in Social Service at San Lazaro Hospital Also the chief nurse
Rosa Militar
Pioneer in nursing education
Socorro Diaz
1st editor of PNA magazine called, The Message
Conchita Ruiz
Full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine, The Filipino Nurse
Fields of Nursing
Role
A goal directed act or behavior that is considered acceptable to the culture of given situation
ROLES OF A NURSE
Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client Advocate Counselor Change Agent Leader Manager Case Manager Research Consumer Role Model Administrator Expanded Career Roles
ROLES OF A NURSE
Caregiver
Primary goal TYPES OF CARE:
Full Care for completely dependent patient Partial Care for partially dependent patient Supportive-Educative care to assist clients in attaining their highest possible level of health and wellness; for learnings
Communicator
Integral to all nursing roles Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community Nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team
ROLES OF A NURSE
Teacher
Nurses help clients learn about their health and the health care procedure they need to perform to restore or maintain their health. Nurses assesses the clients learning needs and readiness to learn, sets specific learning goals in conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies, and measures learning. Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive personnel to whom they delegate care, and they share their expertise with other nurses and health professionals.
Client Advocate
Acts to protect the client Nurse may represent the clients needs and wishes to other health professionals, such as relaying the clients wishes for information to the physician. Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves
ROLES OF A NURSE
Counselor
Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth. Involves providing emotional, intellectual and psychologic support. Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals with normal adjustment difficulties and focuses on helping the person develop new attitudes, feelings, behaviors by encouraging the client to look at alternative behaviors, recognizing the choices, and develop sense of control.
Change Agent
Assisting others to make modifications in their own behavior. Nurses also often act to make changes in a system if it is not helping client return to health.
ROLES OF A NURSE
Leader
Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal. Can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or the community
Case Manager
Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes. Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific caseload. Primary nurse or provides some level of direct care to the client and family Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs.
ROLES OF A NURSE
Research Consumer
Often use research to improve client care Have some awareness of the process and language of research Be sensitive to issues related to protecting the rights of human subjects Participate in the identification of significant researchable problems Be a discriminating consumer of research findings
Role Model
Has good physical appearance Practices proper hygiene Practices healthy lifestyle
ROLES OF A NURSE
Administrator
Assumes middle management position Connects the patient to other services of the hospital
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Primary Characteristics: Education Theory Service Autonomy Code of Ethics Caring
Professional Nursing
- art and science, dominated by an ideal of service in which certain principles are applied in skillful care of the well and ill, and through relationship with the client, significant others and other members of the health team. Professional Nurse - A person who has completed a basic nursing education program and is licensed in his country or state to practice professional nursing.
Has the basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to address present day social problems, realistic and well organized thoughts through the use of critical thinking Has skills in using written and spoken language, both to develop own thoughts and to communicate them to others. Appreciates and understands importance of good health Has emotional balance. Accepts and tries to understand people of all sorts, regardless of race, religion and color.
Pain/suffering alleviation
Restoring Health Creation of a spiritual environment