I.

II.

Introduction & History Language Production

I. Definition II. Example

III.

Word Recognition

I. Example #1 II. Experiment/Mental Lexicon III. Example #2

IV.

Why we study this stuff?

Psycho From the Greek Psyche Jiwa,roh,sukma Logos Ilmu

Linguistik Ilmu bahasa yang mengambil bahasa sebagai objek kajian Psycholinguistic From the Greek, "mind" + the Latin, "tongue"

The study of language processing mechanisms. Oxford study of how the mind prosesses and produce language

The study of the mental aspects of language and speech--a branch of both linguistics and psychology

Based on our view: Psycholinguistic is.

Rudolf Meringer (18591931) started to collect speech errors. In contrast to his contemporary Sigmund Freud (18561939), he studied the linguistic, rather than psychological, properties of such incidents. Wilhelm Wundt (18321920) proposed the first theory of language production, and Gustav Aschaffenburg (18661944), by using the technique of word association, investigated the representation of word meaning. The Dutch ophthalmologist Fransiscus Donders (18181889) introduced the method of mental chronometry (measuring the time mental processes take)

Two Aspects: Language Comprehension how we understand the meaning of words and sentences (receptive process)

Language Production how we speak and use language (productive process)

To figure out what people have to know about language in order to use it; how that knowledge is used to process language.

 Language production is a process from idea generation to language expression. It is a mental process that is heavily influenced by language users culture.

Idea: cross-cultural communication

People using the same language (i.e. English) but coming from different cultures. Example: Cultural differences in directness how explicitly and clearly do we say what we mean. Case study: letters of recommendation for a bright but immature student, Peter Gore. (By
John McCarthy)

British Professor
(least direct)

Mr. Gore impresses one as very intelligent. As to his maturity and readiness for graduate study, I can say very little, having had an opportunity to observe him only under relatively unfavorable conditions.

American Professor (intermediate directness)

In my judgment, Gore is very intelligent. During the time I have known him, I have seen him grow in maturity; I hope and expect that this will continue when he begins graduate study.

Australian Professor (most direct)

Peters brilliant, theres no doubt about that. But hes a bit of a baby, with a lot of growing up to do.

Chinese Professor (from Mainland) (Ignore the fact)

Peter Gore is a very smart student. He was doing extremely well in my class. He gets along well with everyone and is respected by others.

Language Comprehension how we understand the meaning of words and sentences (receptive process)

An Experiment:
Task: Speak out the color name of the stimulus you will view. Requirement: Complete the task as quickly and accurately as possible. Subjects, participants, (The task was devised by Stroop, 1935 --the Stroop task.)

For color words, when their ink color is inconsistent with the meaning of the words, Naming time is longer (i.e.response latency); Responses are less accurate.

1.

Reaction time (RT) approach

It measures peoples RT (response latency) to a language stimulus. It includes many on-line methods of studying peoples language behavior continuously in a laboratory setting Infer the mental activity in terms of RTs.

Why there is such an interference effect?

The mental lexicon

/blu:/
red blue

*
red

The mental lexicon

/blu:/
red blue

*
red

The above finding suggests that the meaning of words is activated automatically people cannot control the activation of meaning.

automaticity

Another experiment:

Task: On each trial, you will first see a semantic category name (e.g., flower). Following the semantic category, you will see a target word which may be an exemplar of the category (e.g., rose). Judge if the target word you will see is an correct exemplar of the category.

A servant

maid

Type of food

meet

Part of a mountain

peek

A flower

Rows

Possible results:
High false correct responses to homophones of the exemplars. Suggest that the meaning of words is accessed via phonology.

flower rose /rouz/ rows

Yes (false)

rows

Why We Study This Kind of Stuff?

Findings with normal readers indicate that word meaning and phonology are activated automatically. Apply the same tasks to dyslexia. There is a phonological deficit for dyslexics they cannot activate phonological information obligatorily.