Cooling Towers MT 305

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Group B5-A Kishor Jadhavar- 09002011 Vinay Kumar- 09002003 Vivek Kathula -09002059

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Objectives

To study the operation of the cooling tower To determine average heat and mass transfer coefficients and estimate tower height To examine the effect of changing air flow rate on the performance of the cooling tower
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Motivation
Cooling

towers use principle of humidification. Humidification is a process which has many industrial applications, viz. controlling the humidity of a space, to cool and recover water by contacting it with low humidity air. Cooling tower is widely used in industries involving oil refineries, chemical plants, power 4/10/12 stations and building cooling.

Theory

Humidification involves the increase of water vapour content in air, which is carried out in a cooling tower with the intent of cooling water cooling tower operates on the principle of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. So when air passes through the hot water it carries away water molecule with it and also heat from the hot water. Here, both the 4/10/12 latent and the sensible heats are

The

The

cooling tower is packed with a packing to serve the dual purpose of increasing the interfacial area as well as to increase the contact time. A higher interfacial area will lead to higher rates of heat and mass transfer
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Wet-bulb temperature

It is the steady state temperature reached by a small amount of liquid evaporating into a large volume of unsaturated vapor-gas mixture Wet bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that can be reached by the evaporation of water only. It is an indication of the amount of moisture in the air.
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Dry-bulb

Experiment Setup

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Experimental procedure
Switch Set

on the heaters and the pump in the water storage tank. the fan speed and note down the inlet outlet temperature readings of the water streams. getting an almost constant slope for the inlet-outlet temperatures take measurements of the air streams.
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On

Note

Calculation procedure
Using

the psychrometric charts draw the equilibrium line for enthalpy of vapor vs temperature. the operating line using the two points vapour phase enthalpy of entering and exiting liquid vs temp. a slope of the tie line and plot it on the graph 4/10/12

Draw

Assume

Differential balance

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Mathematical Formulae

Where, L2 = liquid flow rate into the top of the column, (kg/s) V1 = flow rate of gas phase entering the column, (kg/s) V1 = flow rate of solvent, or dry gas, (kg/s) Y2 = mole ratio of solute to solvent gas at the top of the column HV1 = enthalpy of gas phase entering the column (KJ/Kg) HL2 = enthalpy of liquid phase entering the top of the column, (KJ/Kg) TL, Tv = temperature of liquid and gas phases, respectively 4/10/12

Mathematical Formulae

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Mathematical Formulae

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Observations
Temperature of inlet & outlet vs. time
12 10

Temp(degree Celcius)

Fig. 5: Graph betweenTime(min) Temperature of inlet & outlet vs. time for first case.
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10

12

Observations
f(x) = 1.#NANx R = 1.#NAN 12

Case 1: Enthalpy vs. temperature

10

Enthalpy (kJ/kg dry air)

6 Linear Regression for 4

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Temperature(Celcius)

Fig. 6: Graph between Enthalpy vs. temperature for first case.

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Observations
Temperature of inlet & outlet vs. time
12 10

Temp

0 0 2 4 6 Time(min) 8 10 12

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Observations:
f(x) =12 1.#NANx R = 1.#NAN 10

Observations:Fig.8: Graph between temp. vs. enthalpy for fan speed 2

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Enthalpy(kJ/kg of dry air)

6 Linear Regression for 4

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Temperature of liquid

Results

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Distributed

sprinkling of water instead of a central shower should be installed because water was more concentrated in the centre storage tank should be stirred to allow faster attainment for equilibrium.
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Sources of Errors & suggestions

The

Conclusion
On

increasing the air flow rate, the mass transfer and heat transfer coefficients have increased. the temperature of the outlet air is less than the inlet air, the enthalpy of the outlet air is greater than the inlet air which can be explained by the fact that latent heat is transferred from liquid to vapor phase which is much higher than the sensible heat. air passes through the hot water it carries away water molecules with it and also heat from the hot water. Here, both the latent and the sensible heats are involved in reducing the temperature of the water.
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Although

As

THANK YOU

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