PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Dislocations and their role in plastic deformation

What are dislocations?

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Dislocations are line defects that exist in metals There are two types of dislocations: edge and screw The symbol for a dislocation is The dislocation density in annealed metals is normally = 106/cm2

Types of dislocations
Screw

Edge

Dislocation motionplastic deformation

Note: Dislocations normally move under a shear stress

How does a dislocation move?

Stress field of a dislocation

Analog to an electric charge

Modes of deformation
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Slip Twinning Shear band formation

Slip
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Dislocations move on a certain crystallographic plane: slip plane Dislocations move in a certain crystallographic direction: slip direction The combination of slip direction and slip plane is called a slip system

Slip..
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Slip planes are normally close-packed planes Slip directions are normally close-packed directions

Recall for fcc close-packed planes are {111} Close-packed directions are <110>

Slip systems
Crystal system fcc hcp bcc Slip plane Slip direction {111} {0001} {110} {100} <110> <2110> <111> Total number of slip systems 12 3 48 Active slip systems 5 2/3 2

Dislocation interaction
Positive Positive

Repulsion

Positive

Negative Attraction & Annihilation

Note: More positive-positive interactions in reality

Positive-positive dislocation interaction

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Results in more stress to move dislocations (or cause plastic deformation):called work hardening This type of interaction also leads to dislocation multiplication which leads to more interactions and more work hardening

Twinning
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Common in hcp and bcc structures Limited deformation but help in plastic deformation in hcp and bcc crystals Occurs on specific twinning planes and twinning directions

Compare slip and twinning

SLIP
HOMOGENEOUS COMMON IN FCC OCCURS UNDER STATIC LOADING

TWINNING
LOCALIZED COMMON IN HCP & BCC OCCURS UNDER SHOCK LOADING

Shear band formation

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Limited non-homogeneous deformation Very large localized strain ~1 or 100% Occurs especially under high strain rates Mechanism of deformation still unclear

Plastic deformation movement of dislocations

Strengthening methods

Cold working
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Deformation at temperatures below 0.4 Tm Dislocation density increases from 106/cm2 to 1010-12/cm2 High dislocation density results in a large number of dislocation interactions which results in high strength and hardness

Solid solution strengthening

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Interaction between stress fields of alloy atoms and dislocations This is the purpose of alloying

Grain size refinement

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Small grains result in higher strength Small grains is equivalent to a large number of grain boundaries in the same volume Grain boundaries act as barriers to dislocation motion

Mechanism

Strength is inversely proportional to grain size = 0 + kyd-1/2 Hall-Petch equation Smaller grains have more boundary area and hence more barriers to dislocation motion

Precipitation hardening
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Precipitates are second-phase particles Hard precipitates act as barriers to dislocation motion Applicable only to some alloy systems