THE FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

SUBMITTED TO: PROF.RACHNA JAIN

PRESENTED BY:PARUL GURJAR SHWETA BAJPAI TASNEEM KUDRATI

Contents
COMPUTER GENERATION FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION GOALS CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Generation in computer terminology is a step in technology . It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry. Originally, the term generation was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies but it has now been extended to include both hardware and software that together make up a computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till today.

FIRST GENERATION
1951-1958

Vacuum Tube
Heat Burnout Machine language

Magnetic core memory Storage

Punched cards Tape (1957)

Too bulky in size High power consumptions Requiring large rooms for installation Examples:ENIAC,EDVAC, EDSAC,UNIVAC1,IBM701

SECOND GENERATION
1959-1964 Transistor
Smaller No warm-up time Less energy Less heat Faster More reliable

Storage

Removable disk pack (1954) Magnetic tape Assembly language FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959)

Programming languages

Examples: IBM 1401, HONEYWELL 400 ETC.

THIRD GENERATION
1965-1970 Integrated Circuit
Electronic circuit on small silicon chip Reliability Compactness Low cost Inexpensive massproduced

Family of computers Software

Upward compatibility Unbundled software Several programs share computers resources Interactive processing EXAMPLES:CYBER-175,NCR 395 ETC

FOURTH GENERATION
1971-Present Microprocessor
General-purpose processor on a chip

Explosive growth
Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers Cars Copy machines Television sets

Examples:IBM 3033, CYBER-205,HP-3000 etc.

FIFTH GENERATION
Present and Beyond
Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research scientists and being tested out in the laboratories. These computers will be under Artificial Intelligence(AI). Use of Parallel Processing , Superconductors, quantum physics and nanotechnology.

FIFTH GENERATION - Goal

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. They aim to bring us machines with genuine I.Q., the ability to reason logically, and with real knowledge of the world. Thus, unlike the last four generations that naturally followed its predecessor, the fifth generation will be totally different, totally novel, and totally new.

Characteristics
In structure it will be parallel (the present ones are serial) and will be able to do multiple tasks simultaneously. In functions, it will not be algorithmic (step by step, with one step at a time). In nature, it will not do just data processing (number crunching) but knowledge processing. In inference, it will not be merely deductive, but also inductive. In application, it will behave like an expert. In programming, it will interact with humans in ordinary language (unlike BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, etc. which present computers need). And in architecture, it will have KIPS (Knowledge Information Processing System) rather than the present DIPS/LIPS (Data/Logic Information Processing System)

Parallel Processing
Parallel processing is the ability to carry out multiple operations or tasks simultaneously. The simultaneous use of more than one CPU or processor core to execute a program or multiple computational threads. Ideally, parallel processing makes programs run faster because there are more engines (CPUs or Cores) running it.

With single-CPU, single-core computers, it is possible to perform parallel processing by connecting the computers in a network. However, this type of parallel processing requires very sophisticated software called distributed processing software.

Superconductors
A superconductor is an element, a metallic alloy, or a compound that will conduct electricity without resistance below a certain temperature. The key is without resistance because resistance produces losses in the energy flowing through the material. Once set in motion, electrical current will flow forever in a closed loop of superconducting material. This makes it the closest thing we know to a perpetual motion machine we have today.

The technology of superconductors which is another great advantage, allows the flow of the electricity with very less or even no resistance, greatly improving the information flow speed.

Nano Technology

A field of science whose goal is to control individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.

The Fifth Generation AI Artificial Intelligence

The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes :Games playing: Programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers.

Expert systems: Programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations . For example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based symptoms. Natural language: Programming computers to understand natural human languages.

on

 Robotics: Programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli.Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing.
eg:robotic seagull.
SmartBird is an ultralight but powerful flight model with excellent aerodynamic qualities and extreme agility. However, considering how realistic this robotic bird looks like, It wouldnt be surprised that in a a few years these are used by the military or law enforcement agencies for surveillance; but to get to that point, SmartBird will probably need to improve its range of autonomous operation and carry a sensor pack for data gathering both of which seem to be lacking in the current model.

 Programming computers to play games has been central to Artificial Intelligence research since its early days back in the fifties. By now, most of us have heard of IBMs Deep BLUE supercomputer defeating world chess champion Garry Kasparov in the game of chess and becoming the first ever computer to defeat man in this very complex game. The researchers are now trying to develop expert poker playing programs and recently they organized the first everman-machine poker challenge.

Conclusion
Scientists are now at work on the fifth generation computers a promise, but not yet a reality. They aim to bring us machines with genuine I.Q., the ability to reason logically, and with real knowledge of the world. Thus, unlike the last four generations that naturally followed its predecessor, the fifth generation will be totally different, totally novel, and totally new.

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