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Microbiology 2314
Characteristics of Life?????
Responsiveness or Irritability Conductivity Growth Respiration Digestion Metabolism Absorption Secretion Excretion Circulation Reproduction
Cell Theory
Cells are the fundamental units of life Cells are the simplest unit capable of independent existence All living things are made of cells
Note: Credit for developing Cell Theory is usually given to two scientists, Theodor Schwann, a zoologist and Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a botanist. In 1839 these two scientists suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells thus completing the theory.
Organizational Hierarchy
Biology is hierarchial with each level building on the level below it. In order to understand how something is built and how something works, you must look at all of its components and analyze them both individually and together.
Lifes Hierarchy
Atom / Element Molecule / Compound Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Atoms form all matter. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that make up everyday objects. A desk, the air, even you are made up of atoms! There are 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms. Scientists in labs have been able to make about 25 more.
Atom
Groups of atoms form molecules. Molecules come together to form compounds and compounds come together to form organelles Organelles can include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, etc.
Atom Organelle
Mitochondria are the 'power plants' of cells that convert organic materials into energy. Mitochondria have their own DNA and may be descended from free-living prokaryotes that were related to Rickettsia bacteria
The basic unit of life is the cell. All living things are composed of one or more cells The human body contains about 100 trillion cells. There are about 200 different types of cells in the human body.
Tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. The study of tissue is known as histology, or in connection with disease, histopathology There are four basic types of tissue in the body of all animals, including the human body and lower multicellular organisms such as insects.
Types of Tissues
Organs are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ.
Organ Systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function. There are 10 major organ systems in the human body.
In biology and ecology, an organism is an individual living system (such as animal, plant, fungus or micro-organism). In at least some form, all organisms are capable of reacting to stimuli, reproduction, growth and maintenance as a stable whole.
Albino Peacock
An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells (multicelluar) divided into specialized tissues and organs. Based on cell type, organisms may be divided into the prokaryotic and eukaryotic groups.
In biology a population is the collection of organisms or individuals of a particular species located in a specific area.
A community includes all the biotic (living) organisms sharing an environment, normally with shared interests.
Atom Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community
An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all the biotic and abiotic elements that composes it.
Atom Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem
The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air (atmosphere), land (lithosphere), and water (hydrosphere), within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships.
Atom Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Cells are 90% water. A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on the computer screen.
Proteins are found literally everywhere in your system. From your muscle tissues, to the enzymes that digest your food, to your skin cells, and even within your blood. When we take protein in our body through the foods we eat, it gets broken down into smaller compounds called amino acids. Of the 20 amino acids found in the foods we eat, 9 of these are essential.
All carbs end up as sugar. Starches, or complex carbohydrates, are just longer strings of sugar.
Lipids are among the fundamental categories of nutrients that are required by our bodies for healthy functioning.
Classifying Life
Life / Prokaryotes / \ Archeabacteria Eubacteria
(Ancient Bacteria) (True Bacteria)
\ Eukaryotes | Eukarya
(Everything Else)
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Ancient Non-Pathogenic Extreme Environments Unusual Metabolizing Abilities No Peptidoglycan Resistant to Lysozyme
The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first place Archaea were discovered
Methanogens
Anaerobic Methane Producers
Common in wetlands Responsible for marsh gas Found buried under km of ice in greenland and under dry deserts. They are known to be the most common archaebacteria in deep subteranean habitats.
Extreme Halophiles
Salt-Dependent Organisms
Anywhere with a concentration of salt 5 times greater than the salt concentration of the ocean The Great Salt Lake, Utah Owens Lake, California The Dead Sea
Hyperthermophiles
Heat-Dependent Organisms
Hyperthermophiles were first discovered in the 1960s in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The most hardy hyperthermophiles thus known live on the superheated walls of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, requiring temperatures of at least 90 C for survival.
Thermoplasma
Bacterial Shapes
Modified Shapes
Diplo Strepto Staphylo Vibrio Tetrad Pleomorphic can assume more than 1 shape Monomorphic can assume only one shape
Spirillum
Purposes
1. 2. 3. 4. Protects Pathogens from Phagocytosis Enable Adherence to Surfaces Protects Against Desiccation Stores Food Reserves
Case Study 1
The patient was a 22-year-old female with a history of mitral valve prolapse (a defect of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle caused by a weakening of the tough, connective tissue of the valve leaflets, which allows the valve to project back into the left atrium). She was admitted with complaints of intermittent fevers for 1 month and headaches for 3 weeks. Two weeks before symptoms developed she had undergone a dental procedure. Four blood cultures were performed on admission. All four blood cultures demonstrated Gram-positive cocci in chains.
The diagnosis is bacterial endocarditis (a bacterial infection of the tissue lining the inside of the heart; usually involves the heart valves). The patient had recently had her 6 month dental appointment to have her teeth cleaned.
During dental procedures, transient bacteremia occurs in up to 80% of individuals. Transient bacteremia is defined as the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream for short periods. The organisms that cause this are generally of low virulence and are usually easily removed by the reticuloendothelial [filtering and phagocytic] system.
Case Study 2
This 47-year-old man had a history of sickle cell disease that resulted in many previous hospitalizations for the management of painful crisis. The patient had been admitted 9 days prior to the current admission for management of such a crisis, and a right port-a-cath (a central venous catheter that is designed to remain in place for a prolonged period) was placed in his right subclavian vein. He was discharged (with port-a-cath remaining) after a 4day hospitalization.
Any indwelling device introduced through the skin places an individual at risk for infection. Bacteria can produce a slime layer that can enhance their adherence to a wide variety of plastic surfaces. Slime-producing strains of staphylococci may also be more difficult to eradicate by antimicrobial therapy than nonslime-producing ones due to antibiotic resistance.
Flagella
Hook is similar to a universal joint Basal Body penetrates the cell and causes the flagellum to rotate. It serves as a motor. Filament is actually an extension of the plasma membrane.
Examples of bacterial flagella arrangement schemes. A-Monotrichous (one flagella) B-Lophotrichous (a tuft of flagella) C- Bipolar Monotrichous (one flagella at both ends) D-Peritrichous (a hair ball)
Peritrichous
Identify This
Identify This
Identify This
Identify This
Bacterial Movement
Taxis
Positive Taxis Negative Taxis Phototaxis Chemotaxis Magnetotaxis
Plankton
Antigen
Bacteria Flagella is composed of protein which acts as an antigen when introduced into the human body. What happens then? Why is this beneficial for vaccines?
Spirochetes
Spirochetes are long and slender bacteria that are tightly coiled, and so look like miniature springs or telephone cords.
Fimbriae Help Cells Adhere To Surfaces Pili Join Cells for the Transfer of DNA From One Cell to Another
Biofilm on Teeth
Gram - Bacteria
More susceptible to breakage Thinner layer of peptidoglycan
Outer membrane is strongly negative aiding is resisting phagocytosis and providing a barrier to antibiotics and digestive enzymes Periplasmic space containing specialized proteins and enzymes involved in nutrient acquisition It has Porins and Specific Channel Proteins
Osmotic Effects
Water Moves Freely Across Membranes to Try and Equalize Concentration
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Permeability Barrier or Selective Barrier Prevents cell contents from leaking away Impermeable to polar and charged molecules Contains specific proteins to carry out selective transport 50% lipid and 50% protein
Phospholipid Bilayer
50% Lipid 50% Protein
Embedded Proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure
Ribosomes
Composed of RNA and Protein Function to Make Protein (Mainly Enzymes) Size is Measured in Svedberg (S) units Bacterial Ribosomes are ~70S
Nucleoid
Plasmids are small circular DNA elements found in virtually all bacterial cells. They carry extra genes and are important in Genetic Engineering.
Endospores
Survival Mechanism for Extended Periods in the Absence of Food, Water, of Proper Growth Conditions
Endospores
Can resist Sterilization Can resist Boiling Can resist UV Light Can resist Dessication Can resist Harmful Chemicals Abundant in Bacillus and Clostridia Germination in Minutes Create a Problem with Canned Foods
Oval Terminal Rectangular Terminal Rectangular Subterminal Rectangular Central Circular Terminal Circular Central Club Shaped Terminal
Bacteria
Endospores
Dating Endospores
Spores taken from prehistoric mosquitoes suspended in Amber Roman Fort Vindolanda
1976 Fort dating AD 90-95 was drained and excavated Found viable endospores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Thermophilic Aerobic Bacterium (Warmth and Moisture) Had been sealed in a cold anaerobic environment (flooded) Would date this particular endospore to being 2000 years old
Eukaryotic Cells
Cilia
Mitochondria
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Various Vesicles Lysosomes Microbodies Nuclear Membrane
Rough E.R.
Functions In
Compartmentalization Chemical Homeostasis Communication Transport
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane Transport
| Small Molecules | |
Passive Transport Active Transport | Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion
| Large Molecules | |
Endocytosis | Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Exocytosis
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis in Action