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Prescriptive Process Models

Prescriptive Models
Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly approach to software engineering That leads to a few questions If prescriptive process models strive for structure and order, are they inappropriate for a software world that increases on change? Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the order they imply) and replace them with something less structured, do we make it impossible to achieve coordination and coherence in software work?

The Waterfall Model

Com m unic a t ion


proje c t init ia t ion re quire m e nt ga t he ring

Planning
es timating sc heduling tra cking

Mode ling
analysis design

Const r uc t ion
code t est

De ploy m e nt
de liv e ry s upport f e e dba c k

The Waterfall Model

The Waterfall Model

Problems:

Sequential flow. Real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes. Requirements. It is often difficult for the customer to state all requirements explicitly. It has difficulty accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of many projects. Patience. The customer must have patience. A working version of the programs will not be available until late in the project timespan.

Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

QuQuick ick p lan

Com m unicat ion

plan Modeling Mo d e lin g Quick Qu ick d e sig n design

communication

Deployment Deployment De live r y& delivery & Fe e dback feedback

Construction of of ot ot ype prototype pr

Const r uct ion

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Evolutionary Models

Prototyping

Customer is not clear about detailed input, output requirements Developer is unsure of a particular aspect of the design Allows better understanding of what is to be built when requirements are fuzzy It can be treated as a standalone process model or within the context of any one of the process models Serves as a mechanism for identifying software requirements.
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Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

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Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

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Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

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Incremental Models

The RAD Model


Team # n
M o d e lin g
business m odeling dat a m odeling process m odeling

C o n s t r u c t io n

Com m unicat ion

Team # 2
Mo d eling
b u si n e ss m o d e l i n g dat a m odeling p ro ce ss m o d e l i n g

com ponent reuse aut om at ic code generat ion t est ing

Planning
Co nst r uct io n

De ploym e nt
int egrat ion deliv ery feedback

Team # 1 Mode ling


business modeling dat a modeling process modeling

co m p o n e n t re u se a u t o m a t i c co d e g e n e ra t i o n t e st i n g

Const r uct ion


component reuse aut omat ic code generat ion t est ing

6 0 - 9 0 days

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Incremental Models

The RAD Model


Short development cycle High-speed adaptation of the waterfall model Uses a component-based construction approach Uses the generic framework activities Multiple software teams work in parallel on different functions Drawbacks: May not be appropriate if:

System cannot be properly modularized Technical risks are high High performance is an issue

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Incremental Models

The Incremental Model

increment # n
Co m m u n i c a t i o n Pla nning M ode ling analy s is des ign

Co n s t ru c t i o n c ode t es t De p l o y m e n t d e l i v e ry fe e dba c k

increment # 2
Co m m u n i c a t i o n Pla nning M ode ling analy s is des ign

deliv ery of nt h increment

Co n s t ru c t i o n c ode t es t De p l o y m e n t d e l i v e ry fe e dba c k

increment # 1
Co m m u n i c a t i o n Pla nning M ode ling analy s is des ign Co n s t ru c t i o n c ode t es t De p l o y m e n t d e l i v e ry fe e dba c k

deliv ery of 2nd increment

deliv ery of 1st increment

project calendar t ime


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Incremental Models

The Incremental Model


Waterfall model applied in an iterative manner Delivery of an operational product with each increment Linear sequences in a staggered fashion. Each linear sequence produces deliverable increments of the software (e.g. word processing software)

Increment 1: file management, editing and document production Increment 2: More sophisticated editing and production Increment 3: Spelling and grammar checking Increment 4: Advanced page layout capability

The first increment is the core product


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Evolutionary Models: The Spiral


planning
estimation sch eduling risk analysis

communication modeling
analysis design start

deployment
delivery feedback

construction
code test

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Evolutionary Models

The Spiral

Software is developed in a series of evolutionary releases First circuit around the spiral: product specification The project manager adjusts the number of iterations required to complete the software Circuit 1: Product specification Circuit 2: Prototype Circuit n: More sophisticated versions of the software Each pass through the planning region result in adjustments to the project plan
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Evolutionary Models

The Spiral

It can be adapted to apply throughout the life of software Iterations around the spiral may be used to represent:

Concept development project Product development Product enhancement

Is a realistic approach to the development of large-scale systems. It is not a panacea: it may be difficult to convince customers that the approach is controllable
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Evolutionary Models

Concurrent Model
none Modeling act ivit y

Under development

represent s t he st at e of a sof t ware engineering act ivit y or t ask

A wait ing changes

Under review Under revision Baselined

Done

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Evolutionary Models

Concurrent Model

Also known as concurrent engineering Consist of framework activities, SE actions and tasks, and associated states. The activity can be in one of the states at a time All activities exist concurrently but reside in different states.

Communication activity: awaiting changes state Modeling activity: under development

Appropriate for system engineering projects where different teams are involved
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Evolutionary Models

Final Comment

A problem to project planning:


uncertain number of cycles required Most project management and estimation techniques are based on linear layouts

Undefined maximum speed:


If evolution is too fast, the process will fall into chaos If evolution is too slow, then productivity could be affected

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Evolutionary Models

Final Comment

Excessive focus on high quality:

We should prioritize the speed of the development over zero defects Extending the development in order to reach high quality could result in late delivery of the product.

It is possible to use an evolutionary process to emphasize flexibility, extensibility, and speed of development. The challenge is to establish a proper balance between product parameters and customer satisfaction.
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Still Other Process Models

Component based developmentthe process to apply when reuse is a development objective Formal methodsemphasizes the mathematical specification of requirements AOSDprovides a process and methodological approach for defining, specifying, designing, and constructing aspects Unified Processa use-case driven, architecturecentric, iterative and incremental software process closely aligned with the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
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The Unified Process (UP)


Elab o r at io n

elaboration

inception n Incep t io

inception
co nst r uct io n
Release
soft ware increment

t r ansit io n

p r o d uct io n
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The Unified Process (UP)


A framework for OO SE using UML Has its roots in the industrial experience within Ericsson Successor methodologies led by Rational and Objectory Status: a widely adopted industrial standard Uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) Several OOA and OOD methods were proposed during the 80s and early 90s UP combine the best features of each individual method. Rational Corporation developed automated tools to support UML methods
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The Unified Process (UP) - Phases


1.

Inception (feasibility study)


Document a vision of the product Who are the expected users of the system What is the preliminary high-level architecture of the system What is the development plan and what are the development costs? Use cases are specified in detail Software architecture is developed and specified

2.

Elaboration

3.
4. 5.

Construction developing and testing code Transition corresponds to beta testing. Production deployment, monitored use of software
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UP Phases
UP Phase s
Incept ion Elaborat ion Const ruct ion Transit ion Product ion

Wor kflows Requirements Analysis Design

Implementation Test Support Iterations #1 #2 #n-1 #n


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UP Work Products
Incept ion phase
Vision document Init ial use-case model Init ial project glossary Init ial business case Init ial risk assessment . Project plan, phases and it erat ions. Business model, if necessary . One or more prot ot y pes
I nc e pt i o n

Elaborat ion phase


Use-case model Supplement ary requirement s including non-funct ional Analy sis model Soft ware archit ect ure Descript ion. Execut able archit ect ural prot ot y pe. Preliminary design model Rev ised risk list Project plan including it erat ion plan adapt ed workflows milest ones t echnical work product s Preliminary user manual

Const ruct ion phase


Design model Soft ware component s Int egrat ed soft ware increment Test plan and procedure Test cases Support document at ion user manuals inst allat ion manuals descript ion of current increment

Transit ion phase


Deliv ered soft ware increment Bet a t est report s General user feedback

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