Mass Balance in Reactive System

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

Performed material balance for reactive system

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

Identify
Chemical Reaction

Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry

Limiting and Excess Reactants

Fractional Conversion
Extent of Reaction

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

What is a chemical reaction? * Material changing from a beginning mass (reactant) to a resulting substance (product) * New material/s are made, along with the disappearance of the reactant * Involve generation and consumption
Note: A chemical equation is a way to describe what goes on in a chemical reaction, the actual change in a material.

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

What is Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry Description of the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions. Stoichiometric equation: statement of the relative number of molecules or moles of reactants and products N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
Stoichiometric coefficients

For every one molecule (g-moles, Ib-moles) of nitrogen that reacts, three molecules (g-moles, Ib-moles) of hydrogen reacts to produce two molecules (g-moles, Ib-moles) of ammonia

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM What is Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry Stoichiometric ratio: ratio of stoichiometric coefficient betw. two species

Haber process:

N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
3 Ib - mol H2 consumed

Stoichiometric ratio: 2 Ib - mol NH3 produced or

2 mol NH3 generated 1 mol N2 consumed

Used as conversion factor to calculate particular reactant consumed or particular product generated

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

What is Limiting & Excess Reactant

Limiting: reactants that present in less than its stoich. proportion relative to other reactants
Limits the amount of product(s) that can be formed Excess: reactant that present in more than its stoich. requirement relative to other reactants Fractional excess: ratio of excess to stoich. requirement.

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

Fractional excess:

(nA)feed = moles of an excess reactant

(nA)stoich. = stoich. requirement (moles)

Fractional excess = (nA)feed - (nA)stoich. (nA)stoich.

Percentage excess = fractional excess x 100

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

Limiting Reactant: Example

2C2H4 + O2 2C2H4O Feed to reactor contains 100 kmol C2H4 and 100 kmol O2. Stoich. equation balanced?
Which reactant is limiting?

Verify: C atom in: 4 = out: 4 O atom in: 2 = out: 2 H atom in: 8 = out: 8 C2H4 (Ratio is C2H4: O2 = 2:1 but supplied as C2H4: O2 = 1:1)

% excess of the other reactant?

100%

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

What is Fractional Conversion?

Due to incomplete reaction (time factor), some limiting reactant still present in the reactor effluent Fractional conversion of a reactant
moles reacted moles fed

f =

Unreacted conversion = 1- f If 100 moles of a reactant are fed and 20% moles found to be unreacted, what is the f ? 0.80

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

What is Extent of Reaction? Let us generalize the equation for any chem. rxn N2 + 3H2 2NH3 vi = stoich. coeff. of the ith species in chem. rxn (-ve for reactants, +ve for products) vN2 = -1 vH2 = -3 vNH3 = +2

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

If ni = moles of species i after sometime (ni)o = moles of species i in the feed nN2 = (nN2)o - vN2 nH2 = (nH2)o - vH2
nNH3 = (nNH3)o + vNH3 = extent of reaction

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM Let us consider this reaction O2 + 2H2 2H2O suppose 20.0 kmol of O2, 50.0 kmol H2 and 50.0 kmol H2O are charged into a batch reactor. After sometime, 15.0 kmol of oxygen reacted. How much of each species will be present in the reactor at the moment? O2 left = 20.0 - 15.0 = 5.0 kmol Based on stoich. ratio: 1 kmol of O2 required 2 kmol of H2 hence 15.0 kmol O2 req. 30.0 kmol H2 (amount of H2 reacted) H2 left = 50.0 - 30.0 = 20.0 kmol From stoich. ratio also: 1 kmol of O2 reacted produce 2 kmol of H2O, 15.0 kmol O2 should produce 30.0 kmol of H2O.

Amount of H2O = 50.0 + 30.0 = 80.0 kmol

MATERIAL BALANCE OF REACTIVE SYSTEM

Extent of Reaction (cont.)

O2 left = 20.0 - (15.0) = 5.0 kmol H2 left = 50.0 - 2(15.0) = 20.0 kmol Amount of H2O = 50.0 + 2(15.0) = 80.0 kmol O2 left = O2 in feed - (15.0) H2 left = H2 in feed - 2(15.0) Amount of H2O = H2O in feed + 2(15.0) O2 left = O2 in feed - 1() H2 left = H2 in feed - 2() Amount of H2O = H2O in feed + 2() Extent of reaction Stoich. Coeff.