INTRODUCTION

The center of mass (CM) of an object is a theoretical point where the entire objects mass can be considered to be concentrated. If you have a perfect sphere that is composed of a material of uniform density (e.g. a shot), its CM coincides with its geometric center. With objects of non-uniform shapes and non-uniform material densities, the CM does not 4/12/12 coincide with its geometric center.

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The centre of a mass in a uniform cylinder or a ball or a rectangular block is situated at its geometrical centre. But for those with complex form or shape the centre of a mass needs to be calculated.

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LOCATION OF C.M

C.M could be located: with in the object(human standing straight) Outside the object(high jumper as he goes over the bar)

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CALCULATION OF C.M IN SYSTEM OF PARTICLES FOR TWO POINT

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EXAMPLES

The center of mass of a two-particle system lies on the line connecting the particles (or, more precisely, their individual centers of mass).

If the two masses are equal the center of mass must be halfway between the two masses. If they have different masses, the center of mass is always found closer to the more massive object. When one 4/12/12

FORMULA FOR MORE THAN TWO POINTS

XCM=
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mixi M

mi is the mass of each particle xi is the position of each particle with respect to the origin

M is the sum of the masses of all particles 4/12/12

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Formula of C.M using position vector

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C.M of extended objects

An extended object can be considered a distribution of small mass elements, m.

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Formula for calculation of C.M in extended objects

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Calculation of C.M of extended objects using position vector

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CENTRE OF MASS: ( CONTINUOUS MASS DISTRIBUTION)

For a continuous distribution of mass, the expression for the center of mass of a collection of particles (as given above and shown in fig) becomes an infinite sum and is expressed in the form of a integral.

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1:UNIFORM ROD:

EXAMPLES OF CONTINUOUS MASS DISTRIBUTIONS:

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Cont.
This example of a uniform rod previews some common features about the process of finding the center of mass of a continuous body. Continuous mass distributions require calculus methods involving an integral over the mass of the object. Such integrals are typically transformed into spatial integrals by

symmetry can give much information: e.g., the center of mass will be on any rotational symmetry axis. The use of symmetry would tell you that the center of mass is at the geometric crelating the mass to a distance, as with the linear density M/L of the rod. Exploiting enter of the rod without calculation.

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EXAMPLES
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Centre of mass of a two particle system lies on the line connecting the particles. The centre of mass of a uniform ring is at the centre of the ring. The centre of mass of a uniform solid triangle lies on all the three medians. And therefore on the centroid.

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Conti

C.M of a uniform rectangle is at the intersection of two diagonals. In a spherical symmetric body the centre of a mass is at the geometric centre.

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Applications
Engineers try to design a sport car's center of mass as low as possible to make the car handle better. When high jumpers perform a Fosbury Flop", they bend their body in such a way that it clears the bar while its center of mass does not.
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Aeronautics
The center of mass is an important point on an aircraft, which significantly affects the stability of the aircraft. To ensure the aircraft is stable enough to be safe to fly, the center of mass must fall within specified limits. If the center of mass is ahead of the forward limit, the aircraft will be less maneuverable, possibly to the point of being unable to rotate for takeoff or flare for landing. If the center of mass is behind the aft limit, the aircraft will be more maneuverable, but also less stable, and possibly so unstable that it is impossible to fly. The moment arm of the elevator will also be reduced, which makes it more difficult to recover from a stalled condition.
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rotor head. In forward flight, the center of mass will move aft to balance the negative pitch torque produced by applying cyclic control to propel the helicopter forward; For helicopters in hover, the center of mass is always directly below the consequently a cruising helicopter flies "nose-down" in level flight.

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