GSM

Principles of Cellular Telecommunications

A cellular telephone system links mobile station (MS) subscribers into the public telephone system or to another cellular systems MS subscribe Advantages of Cellular Communications

Overview:-

Cellular networks have many advantages over the existing land telephone networks

Overview
Advantages to mobile subscriber: Mobility Flexibility convenience Advantages to network provider: Network expansion flexibility Revenue/profit margins Efficiency Easier re-configuration

Network Components

Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Range
GSM 900
Receive (uplink): 890-915 MHz Transmit (downlink):935-960 MHz 124 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels

(ARFCN) EGSM 900

Receive (uplink):880-915MHz Transmit( downlink):925-960MHz 174 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

GSM 1800(DCS1800) Receive (uplink): 1710-1785 MHz

Transmit (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz 374 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

PCS 1900:
Receive (uplink):1850-1910MHz Transmit (downlink): 1930-1990MHz 299 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

ARFCN:
Bandwidth=200KHz 8 TDMA timeslots

Cell Size
The number of cells in any geographic area is determined by the number of MS subscribers who will be operating in that area, and the geographic layout of the area (hills, lakes, buildings etc). Large Cells Small Cells

The Trade Off Large vs Small

There is no right answer when choosing the type of cell to use. Network providers would Like to use large cells to reduce installation and maintenance cost, but realize that to Provide a quality service to their customers, they have to consider many factors, such as terrain, transmission power required, number of MSs etc. This inevitably leads to a mixture of both large and small cells.

Frequency Re-use

Sectorization

Future of GSM

Compatibility:

Flexibility/Increased Capacity:
Easily (RF) configured (software driven) Half rate International roaming Better frequency re-use Multi-band operation

Use of Standardized Open Interfaces

Improved Security and Confidentiality

Flexible Handover Processes

Enhanced Range of Services:

GSM has the potential to offer a greatly enhanced range of services compared to existing analogue cellular systems.
Offered by network provider Purchased by subscriber Capabilities of mobile equipment

Speech Services
Telephony Emergency calls (with or without SIM) Short message service point to point Short message cell broadcast Advanced message handling service Dual personal and mobile numbers

Data Services
Data can be sent over the air using some of the present systems, but this requires specially designed add ons to protect the data content in the harsh environment of the air interface. Raw Data: 9.6 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 2.4 kbit/s

Supplementary Services:
Number identification Call barring Call forwarding Charging Multi-party

GSM Network Components

GSM Network Overview

The principle component groups of a GSM network are: The Mobile Station (MS) This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc The Base Station System (BSS) This is the part of the network which provides the radio interconnection

The Network Switching System

This consists of the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) and its associated system-control databases
The Operations and Maintenance System

This enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Station (MS)

The MS consists of two parts, the Mobile Equipment (ME) and an electronic smart card called a Subscriber Identity module (SIM) International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).

The following pieces of information are held in the MS:

Revision Level RF Power Capability Frequency Capability Short Message Capability

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

The SIM contains several pieces of information: International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

 Location Area Identity (LAI)

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Mobile Station International Services Digital Network (MSISDN)

Base Station System (BSS)

The Base Transceiver Station BTS The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface The Base Station Controller BSC The BSC as its name implies provides the control for the BSS The Transcoder XCDR The Transcoder is used to compact the signals from the MS

Network Switching System

The components of the Network Switching System are listed below: Mobile Services Switching Centre MSC Home Location Register HLR Visitor Location Register VLR Equipment Identity Register EIR Authentication Centre AUC InterWorking Function IWF Echo Canceller EC

The functions carried out by the MSC are listed below: Call Processing

Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC)

Operations and Maintenance Support

Internetwork Interworking Billing

Home Location Register (HLR)

Echo Canceller (EC)

Channels on the Air Interface

Modulation Techniques
There are three methods of modulating a signal so that it may be transmitted over the air: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Amplitude Modulation is very simple to implement for analogue signals but it is Prone to noise. Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Modulation is more complicated to implement but provides a better Tolerance to noise. Phase Modulation (PM) Phase Modulation provides the best tolerance to noise but it is very complex to Implement for analogue signals and therefore is rarely used.

Transmission of Digital Signals

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Frequency Spectrum

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Timeslots and TDMA Frames

GSM Logical Channels

Traffic Channels (TCH) control channels (CCH)

GSM Control Channel Groups

BCCH Group CCCH Group DCCH Group

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

26-Frame Traffic Channel Multiframe

BCCH/CCCH Multiframe

DCCH/8 Multiframe

Combined Multiframe

Mobile Activity

GSM Basic Call Sequence

In the MS to Land direction In the Land to MS direction

GSM Basic Call Sequence

Channels on the Air Interface

GSM Bursts
Info Guard Period

Stealing Flags
Training Sequence Tail Bits

GSM Burst and TDMA Frame

Burst Types
Normal Burst Frequency Correction Burst Synchronization Burst Dummy Burst Access Burst

GSM Burst Types

Diagonal Interleaving Speech

Diagonal Interleaving Data

Radio Interface Optimization

Transmission Timing

Battery Life Voice Activation detection (VAD) Multipath fading Equalization Frequency hoping

Transmission Timing

Battery Life
One of the main factors which restrict reducing the size of a MS is the battery. A battery must be large enough to maintain a telephone call for an acceptable amount of time without needing to be recharged.

Since there is demand for MSs to become smaller and lighter the battery must also become smaller and lighter.
Features which control battery timing are as follow 1. Power Control 2.Voice Activity Detection (VAD)

Power Control

Voice Activity Detection (VAD)

VAD is a mechanism whereby the source transmitter equipment identifies the presence or absence of speech. VAD implementation is effected in speech mode by encoding the speech pattern silences at a rate of 500 bit/s rather than the full 13 kbit/s. This results in a data transmission rate for background noise, known as comfort noise, which is regenerated in the receiver.

MultiPath Path Fading Effects

Equalization Training Sequence Code

Diversity

Frequency Hoping

Introduction to Microcellular
Microcellular Concept

Antenna Types

Thank YOU