INTRO

Noise Unwanted signals.

Noise limits the minimum signal that a circuit can process with acceptable quality.

Noise trades off with power dissipation, speed &

linearity. SOURCES OF NOISE: 1) Man-Made Noise faulty contacts, electrical appliances. 2) Erratic natural disturbances which occur irregular.

3) Fluctuation Noise Shot

Thermal

OVERVIEW

A)STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NOISE

NOISE SPECTRUM AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION CORRELATED N UNCORRELATED SOURCE B)TYPES OF NOISE THERMAL NOISE FLICKER NOISE

C)REPRESENTATION OF NOISE IN CIRCUITS

D)APPLICATIONS NOISE IN SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIERS COMMON SOURCE STAGE SIMULATION USING TOP-SPICE

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NOISE

Noise is a Random Process.

-- value cannot be predicted at any time even if the past values are known.

A Statistical Model provides knowledge about some

important properties of the noise.

Random process can be so random that even its average power is unpredictable.

The average power delivered by a periodic voltage v(t) to

a load resistance RL is given by

Where T denotes the period. Average Power for a Random signal

Where x(t) is a voltage quantity.

NOISE SPECTRUM
Spectrum shows the amount of power the signal carries at each frequency. Power Spectral Density (PSD) Sx(f) , of a noise waveform x(t) is defined as the average power carried by x(t) in a

1hz bandwidth around f.

An example of a common type of noise PSD is the white spectrum also called white noise.

If a signal with spectrum Sx(f) is applied to a LTI system with transfer function H(s), then o/p spectrum is given by

Where

AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION
Distribution of amplitude, indicating how often each value
occurs.

Example of PDFs is the Gaussian (or normal) distribution.

CORRELATED & UNCORRELATED SOURCES

TYPES OF NOISE

THERMAL NOISE
Thermal noise is proportional to the absolute temperature.

where

is a boltzmann constant.

In reality, Sv(f) is flat for upto roughly100THZ.

..IN MOSFET
Most significant source is the noise generated in the channel.

Channel noise can be modeled by a current source connected between the drain and source terminals.

FLICKER NOISE:
As charge carriers move at the interface, some are randomly trapped and later released by energy states introducing flicker noise. Voltage source in series with the gate.

Flicker noise is also called 1/ f noise. Does not depend on the bias current or temperature.

Noise spectral density is inversely proportional to the frequency. PMOS devices exhibit less 1/ f noise than NMOS transistors because the former carry the holes in a buried channel. 1/ f noise corner, fc of the o/p current is determined as

REPRESENTATION OF NOISE IN CIRCUITS

To quantify the effect of noise one approach is to

set the input to zero and calculate the total noise at the output due to various sources of noise in the circuit.

EXAMPLE:

Preference of input-referred noise over output referred noise.

Determination of input-referred noise voltage.

Input-referred noise by both a series voltage source and a parallel current source.

APPLICATIONS:
Noise in Single Stage Amplifiers:
Common Source Stage:

Simulation of Top-spice:

SPICE NET LIST

.MODEL NMOS NMOS (LEVEL=1 VTO=0.7 GAMMA=0.45 PHI=0.9 NSUB=9E+14 LD=0.08E-6 UO=350 LAMBDA=0.1 TOX=9E-9 PB=0.9 CJ=0.56E-3 CJSW=0.35E-11 MJ=0.45 MJSW=0.2 CGDO=0.4E-9 JS=1.0E-8) MNMOS 1 2 0 0 NMOS w=50u l=0.5u V1 2 0 1.0035 AC 1 V2 3 0 3 R1 1 3 2k .AC DEC 10 10 10000 .NOISE V(1) V1 10 .PROBE .PRINT NOISE INOISE ONOISE .END

OBSERVED OUTPUTS
NODE V(1) V(2) V(3) VOLTAGE 9.99176231E-01 1.00350000E+00 3.00000000E+00 CURRENT

SOURCE
I(V1) I(V2)

0.00000000E+00 -1.00041188E-03

RESISTOR I(R1)

CURRENT

1.00041188E-03

*** TOTAL OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE VNOT = 2.32338E-16 V^2/Hz OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE DENSITY VNOD = 1.52426E-08 V/sqrt(Hz) TRANSFER FUNCTION VALUE: V(1)/ V1 GAIN = 11.156 EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE AT V1 VNIEQ = 1.36635E-09 V/sqrt(Hz)

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE:

 Hesitating to act because the whole vision

might not be achieved or because others do not yet share it, is an attitude that only HINDERS progress.

Be the CHANGE u wish to see in the world.

JAI HIND