04/14/12

Pollution is undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological parameters of air, land or water which will affect the animal and plant life.

WHO defines air pollution as

Substances

put in to the air by the activity of mankind in concentration sufficient to cause harmful effect to the health, vegetable, property, or to the enjoyment of property.
04/14/12

 POLLUTION

OF THE SEA AND THE HARBOUR IS CAUSED BY INTRODUCTION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES INTO MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, WHICH RESULTS IN HARMING MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA, DETRIMENTAL TO HUMAN HEALTH AND ACTIVITY MOST CHEMICALS CARRIED REPRESENT
04/14/12

 MARINE

POLLUTION IS CAUSED BY SHIPPING ACTIVITY: DURING BUNKERING DISCHARGE OF OILY WATER BY TANKERS: OPERATIONAL POLLUTION : ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION

04/14/12

 STRANDINGS

AND COLLISION LIGHTERAGE OPERATION TANK WASHING AND LINE FLUSHING DEBALLASTING DISCHARGE OF BILGES BUNKERING

04/14/12

 Accidental

discharges occur when vessels collide or come in distress at sea (engine breakdown, fire, explosion) and break open, or run aground close to the shore, or when a pipeline breaks. Much can be done to avoid accidents, but there will always be unfortunate circumstances and situations that cause accidents to happen.
04/14/12

 Operational

discharges, on the other hand, are mostly deliberate and "routine", and can to a very large extent be effectively controlled and avoided. It is much a question combining available technical solutions with information, education and a change of attitude among ship-owners, mariners, offshore platform and pipeline operators.
04/14/12

 Ship-related

operational discharges of oil include the discharge of bilge water from machinery spaces, fuel oil sludge, and oily ballast water from fuel tanks. Also other commercial vessels than tankers contribute operational discharges of oil from machinery spaces to the sea.
04/14/12

CARGO-RELATED OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES FROM TANKERS INCLUDE THE DISCHARGE OF TANK-WASHING RESIDUES THE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT OF TANKER ARE: TO LOAD LIQUID CARGO IN PORT TO TRANSPORT CARGO SAFELY FROM LOAD PORT TO DISCHARGE PORT TO DISCHARGE THE CARGO AT THE DISCHARGE PORT TO PREPARE TANKS DURING BALLAST PASSAGE. 9
04/14/12

 Before

international regulations were introduced to prevent oil pollution from ships, the normal practice for oil tankers was to wash out the cargo tanks with water and then pump the resulting mixture of oil and water into the sea.

04/14/12

10

 Also,

oil cargo or fuel tanks were used for ballast water and, consequently, oil was discharged into the sea when tankers flushed out the oilcontaminated ballast water to replace it with new oil.

04/14/12

11

 OCEANS

OF THE WORLD (AND IN SOME COUNTRIES THE RIVERS) HAVE BEEN USED FOR CENTURIES AS NATURAL DISPOSAL POINTS FOR THE UNWANTED EFFLUENT AND ONLY IN THE LAST CENTURY THE NEED FOR CHANGE HAS BECOME APPARENT WE CAN NO LONGER AFFORD TO POLLUTE OUR OCEANS AND RIVERS AS OUR OWN SURVIVAL IS AT STAKE
04/14/12

12

Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Annex III of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form Annex IV of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships Annex VI - Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
04/14/12

13

 Annex

II of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Annex II prohibits the discharge into the sea of Noxious Liquid Substances except when the discharge is made under specified conditions
04/14/12

14

 Noxious

Liquid Substance means any substance indicated in the Pollution Category column of chapters 17 or 18 of the International Bulk Chemical Code, or the current MEPC.2/Circular or provisionally assessed under the provisions of regulation 6.3 of MARPOL Annex II as falling into categories X, Y or Z.
04/14/12

15

 For

the purpose of discharging slops containing cargo residue into the sea, Annex II divides noxious liquid cargoes on chemical tankers into four categories .1. Category X: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a major hazard
04/14/12

16

 .2.

Category Y: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a lesser hazard .3. Category Z: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a minor hazard
04/14/12

17

 .4.

Other Substances: substances indicated as OS (Other Substances) in the pollution category column of chapter 18 of the International Bulk Chemical Code are, at present, considered to present no harm to marine resources, human health, amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea when discharged into the sea from tank cleaning of deballasting
04/14/12

18

 All

operations on board involving cargo, ballast and bunker should be done in accordance with the applicable pollution regulations During cargo transfer, ballast or tank cleaning operations care should be taken to avoid cargo spillage Pollution prevention procedures during operations mentioned above include:
04/14/12

19

 Include

keeping a watch on: Levels in cargo slop or ballast tanks Cargo or ballast hoses or hard arms Pumps, valves, gaskets, connections and hatches Spillpans and scuppers Alarms and instrumentations and Co-ordination of operation signals
04/14/12

20

 Personnel

on watch should be present at all times during operations and regularly carry out inspections mentioned above All events should be recorded in the cargo book Stringent control measures are laid down in Annex II for the discharge of cargo residues, tank-washings and slop into the sea
04/14/12

21

 Annex

II requires that each ship which carries NLS in bulk shall be provided with a Procedures and Arrangement (P&A) Manual

04/14/12

22

 The

main purpose of the P&A manual is to identify for the ships officers the physical arrangements and all the operational procedures with respect to cargo handling, tank-cleaning, slops handling, cargo tank ballasting and deballasting which must be strictly followed in order to comply with the requirements of Annex II
04/14/12

23

 Carrying

out operations in accordance with the ships P&A Manual, ensures that all pollution regulationsare complied with

04/14/12

24

1. For the purpose of the regulations of this Annex, Noxious Liquid Substances shall be divided into four categories as follows: .1. Category X: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a major hazard to either marine resources or human health and, therefore, justify the prohibition of the discharge into the marine 25
04/14/12

 .2.

Category Y: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore justify a limitation on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine environment;
04/14/12

26

 .3.

Category Z: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a minor hazard to either marine resources or human health and therefore justify less stringent restrictions on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine environment;
04/14/12

27

.4. Other Substances: substances indicated as OS (Other Substances) in the pollution category column of chapter 18 of the International Bulk Chemical Code which have been evaluated and found to fall outside Category X, Y or Z as defined in regulation 6.1 of this Annex because they are, at present, considered to present no harm to marine resources, human health, amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea when discharged into the sea from tank cleaning of deballasting operations. The discharge of bilge or ballast water or other residues or mixtures containing only substances referred to as Other Substances shall not be subject to any requirements of the Annex.

04/14/12

28

 No

accommodation or service spaces or control stations shall be located within the cargo area except over a cargo pump-room recess or pump-room recess that complies with SOLAS regulations II-2/4.5.1 to 4.5.2.4 and no cargo or slop tank shall be aft of the forward end of any accommodation.

04/14/12

29

 In

order to guard against the danger of hazardous vapours, due consideration shall be given to the location of air intakes and openings into accommodation, service and machinery spaces and control stations in relation to cargo piping and cargo vent systems.

04/14/12

30

Entrances, air inlets and openings to accommodation, service and machinery spaces and control stations shall not face the cargo area. They shall be located on the end bulkhead not facing the cargo area and/or on the outboard side of the superstructure or deck-house at a distance of at least 4% of the length (L) of the ship but not less than 3 m from the end of the superstructure or deck-house facing the cargo area
04/14/12

31

 This

distance, however, need not exceed 5 m. No doors shall be permitted within the limits mentioned above, except that doors to those spaces not having access to accommodation and service spaces and control stations, such as cargo control stations and store-rooms, may be fitted. Where such doors are fitted, the boundaries of the space shall be insulated to "A-60" standard.
04/14/12

32

 Bolted

plates for removal of machinery may be fitted within the limits specified above. Wheelhouse doors and wheelhouse windows may be located within the limits specified above so long as they are so designed that a rapid and efficient gas- and vapour-tightening of the wheelhouse can be ensured.

04/14/12

33

 Windows

and sidescuttles facing the cargo area and on the sides of the superstructures and deck-houses within the limits specified above shall be of the fixed (non-opening) type. Such sidescuttles in the first tier on the main deck shall be fitted with inside covers of steel or equivalent material.

04/14/12

34