Submitted to: Mam Samina Naz Presented by: Group 8 Muhammad.

Aslam Muhammad Javed Muhammad Kashif Syed Nouman Wajid Fawad Ifra Farhana

BBD-10-15-04 BBD-10-15BBD-10-15BBD-10-15BBD-10-15BBD-10-15 BBD-10-15-

Storage hold s data , information, for future use Every computer stores system software's and applications

Physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions and information

Hard Disks
A hard disk also called a hard disk drive or hard drive is a storage device that contains one or more flexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions and information Its storage capacities 160 to 1.5 TB

How data stores on Hard Disk

1. Hard disk stores the data using Longitudinal recording which Aligned the magnetic particles horizontally around the surface of the disk

2. With perpendicular recording , particles vertically or perpendicular to the disk

Capacity is the number of bytes(character) a storage medium hold

Writing is the
process of transferring data , instruction and information from memory to storage medium Reading is the process of transferring these items from storage medium to memory
Storage term Approximate number of Bytes Kilobyte(kb) Megabyte(MB ) Gigabyte(GB) 1 thousand 1 million 1 billion

Terabyte(TB) Petabyte(PB)
Exabyte(Eb) Zettabyte(Zb)

1 trillion 1 qauadrillion
1 quintillion 1 sextillion

Characteristics of Hard disk

A platter is made of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and is coated with an alloy material that allow items to be recorded magnetically on its surface A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk A cluster is the smallest unit of disk space that stores data and information

Cylinder is the vertical

section of the track that passes through all platters

Speed the spinning ,

which usually is 5400 to 15000 revolutions per minute (rpm)

Transfer rate
Depending on the type of the hard disk range from 15 Mbps to 320 Mbps

Raid
Redundant array of independent disks

NAS
Network attached storage

External and Removable Hard Disks

An external hard disk is a separate free-standing hard disk that connects with a cable to usb port

A removable hard disk is a hard disk that you insert and remove from a drive . Removable hard disks have storage capacity up to

750 GB

How hard disk works

Step 1
The circuit board controls the movements of the head actuator and small motor

Step 2
A small motor spins the platters while the computer is running

Step 3
Step 4
The head actuator positions the read/write head arms over the correct location on the platters to read or write data When software request a disk access, the read/write heads determine the current or new location of the data

Hard Disk Controllers

A disk controller consists of a specialpupose chip and electronic circuits that control the transfer of data , instructions, and information from a disk to and from system bus and other component of system

Sata
(serial Advanced Technology Attachment) Cables are thinner, longer more flexible Less susceptible to interference Data transfer rate up to 300 Mbps and higher

EIDE
(Enhanced

integrated Drive Electronics) Is a hard disk interface that uses parallel signals to transfer data, instruction , and information .
Interfaces can support up to four hard disk at 137 Gb per disk Data transfer rate up to 133 Mbps

SAS
(Serial-attached SCSI) Newet type of SCSI that uses serial signals to transfer data instructions and information Thinner longer cables Reduced interface, less expensive Faster speed 750 Mbps data transfer

Flash Memory Storage

Solid state Drivers

A solid state drive(SSD) is a device that
typically uses flash memory to store data ,instruction and information . Available from factors of 3.5 inches to 2.5 and

1.8
Storage capacity current SSDs range from 16 GB to 256 GB Access time more faster than hard disk 0.1 ms Warranty more than a hard disk customer claim more than 50 years .

Memory Cards
A Memory Card is a removable flash memory device, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert and remove from a slot in computer, mobile , device or card reader/writer

USB Flash Drives

USB Flash Drive,

sometimes called a Thumb Drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a Usb port
Transfer rate 12 Mbps

Storage up to 100 Gb Expensive

Cloud Storage
Cloud Storage is an
internet service that provides storage to computer users

Examples
Windows live skydrive Flicker, Picasa Youtube Facebook, Myspace Google Docs Gmail, Yahoo,Hotmail Mail

Optical Disks
An optical disk is a type of storage that consist of flat , round, portable disk made of metal, plastic and lacquer that is written and read by laser

4.75 inches in diameter and less then onetwentieth of an inch thick