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Human Behavior (Lecture)

Compiled by: Kristine L. Tayer, OTRP

Theorist and their Theory


Karen Horney Feminine Psychology Erick Fromm Escape from Freedom Henry A. Murray Personology Alfred Adlers Individual Psychology Harry Stack Sullivan Interpersonal Theory

She was known by her theory of Feminine Psychology Disturbed human relationships cause Neurosis; fundamentally found in the relationship between parent and child. Safety and Security basic needs of childhood.

Karen Horney (Feminine Psychology)

Cont.,
The ego is energized by a basic anxiety due to feeling abandoned and helpless In response, the ego develops coping strategies everyone uses them but if used to o much o r too rigidly becomes a Neurotic Need

What is Basic Evil?


Basic evil is a lack of genuine warmth and affection for the child. The parent is not so much abusive as indifferent, and unaware of the effect of his/her behavior on the child.

Cont.,

Behaviors of parents (basic evils) which undermine the childs security: 1. indifference toward the child 2. rejection of the child 3. hostility toward the child 4. Obvious preference for a sibling 5. unfair punishment 6. ridiculing the child 7. humiliating the child 8. erratic behavior 9. unkept promise 10. isolation of child from others

When the Child Encounters Basic Evil


The first reaction is hostility But, as the child needs the parent, and hostility threatens that bond, hostility is repressed. The repression of basic hostility results in basic anxiety: feeling lonely and helpless in a hostile world.

Principles:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Optimism-positivism Society-Culture Characteristic-Structure Self-concept Self Analysis Complimentation-Conflict

Neurotic Needs/ Trends:


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Affection and approval Partner who will run ones life Live within narrow limits Power Exploit others Social recognition Personal admiration Ambition, personal achievement Self-sufficiency, independence Perfection, unavailability

Adjustments:
A. Primary adjustment techniques: 1. moving toward people - Need protection, affection, approval 2. moving against people- Need power, superiority, dominance 3. moving away from people- Need to be independent, unassailable, invisible

Cont.,

B. Secondary adjustment techniques: 1. blind spots denying or ignoring certain aspects of an experience 2. Compartmentalization behaving according to role. 3. Rationalization giving reasons or excuse to a conduct 4. Excessive control limiting self-expression 5. Externalization (projection) never accepting a responsibility 6. Arbitrary rightness taking a position as right, truth, final 7. Elusiveness never making a decision about anything 8. Cynicism not believing in anything

2 types of self: Real self- things that are true about one self at any particular time. Ideal self- ones concept of what one should become or would like to become. Tyranny of the Should

The Tyranny of the Shoulds


A person can be driven by these demands of the ideal self. As these demands are impossible, the attempts to satisfy the "shoulds" is bound to fail. Thus self hate and feelings of false guilt increase, as well as despair and helplessness.

Erick Fromm (Escape from Freedom)


Major theme is the concept of LONELINESS, which represents the basic human existence. Fromm called this basic condition as Dichotomies. A Dichotomy is a two-horned dilemma or problem that has no solution because none of the alternatives is entirely satisfactory. (e.g., peace-weapons of war, immortality-death, freedom-isolation)

Basic needs of human existence:


1. Relatedness - Relationships with others, care, respect, knowledge 2. Transcendence - Creativity, developing a loving and interesting life. 3. Rootedness - Feeling of belonging. 4. Sense of Identity - Seeing ourselves as a unique person and part of a social group. 5. Frame of orientation - Understanding the world and our place in it. 6. Excitation and Stimulation - Actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding. 7. Unity - A sense of oneness between one person and the "natural and human world outside." 8. Effectiveness - The need to feel accomplished

Character Types:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Receptive type masochistic behavior patterns: passive, lacks character, submissive, coward, enjoys receiving gratis et amore. Exploitative type sadistic behavior patterns: aggressive, conceited, arrogant, finds value in how others value. Hoarding type collecting, keeping behavior patterns: stingy, possessive, stubborn, values physical wealth. Marketing type commodity behavior patterns: lack of principle, aimlessness, opportunist, keeps up with the Joneses. Productive type the ideal character type: comprehends the world thru love* and thinking: Openminded, loyal, flexible.

Development of personality stems from the Type of Child-Parent relationship: Symbiotic relatedness failure to attain independence; signifies immaturity and pseudo forms of love. Withdrawal destructiveness negative relatedness; distance and indifferences

Cont.,

Genuine productive love: Care active concern for the life and growth of the loved person. Responsibility ability and readiness to respond to the needs expressed/unexpressed of the person who is loved. Respect ability to see and accept the other person as he/she as a unique individual. Knowledge the experience of union with another person with full awareness of the total being of his/her loved one.

Henry Murray (Personology)


Murray from a Psychoanalytic Perspective Murray used the term personology to describe his study of human lives and individual differences in personality Murray described a habit system as automatic, unconscious behaviors shaped by the id, ego, and superego Murray emphasized positive instincts related to motivation and needs

Stages of Personality:
1. Childhood, Adolescence, Young adulthood 2. Middle years, senescence (Final era)
Complex an enduring integrate (derived from any of the stages enjoyed) that determines unconsciously the course of the later development.

Types of Complexes:
1. Claustral complex represents the residuals of the uterine or prenatal experiences of the individual. a) simple claustral complex- revolves around the wish to reinstate the conditions similar to those prevailing before birth. b) fear of insupport complex- centers around the anxiety of insupport and helplessness. c) aggression complex- anxiously directed against suffocation and confinement.

Cont.,

2. Oral complexes represents derivatives of early feeding experiences. a) oral succorance complex involves oral activity in combination w/ passive & dependent tendencies. b) oral aggression complex combines oral activity w/ aggression manifested in: oral automatism, biting, cathexis for solid oral objects (meat, bones), strong aggressive needs, ambivalence toward authority figures, projection of oral aggression, need for harm avoidance, phobia for biting objects, stuttering. c) oral rejection complex involves spitting out and disgust over oral activities and objects.

Cont.,

3. Anal complexes derived from events associated with the act of defecating and bowel training. a) anal rejection complex- includes: diarrhea, cathexis for feces, need for aggression(dirtying,smearing), need for autonomy, anal sexuality. b) anal retention complex cathexis for feces is concealed behind apparent, disgust, prudishness and negative rxn to defecation.

Press environmental forces, an instigating situation, that interact with needs and determine behavior. Types: 1. Alpha press environmental objects as they exist in reality or as objective inquiry discloses. 2. Beta press environmental objects are perceived and interpreted by the individual.
Tension reduction arousal and satisfaction of a need. Thema an interactive behavioral unit; the interaction between press and the need operating.

Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology)


Adler stressed that each person is an integrated whole, striving to attain future goals and attempting to find meaning in life while working with others. The ego is energized by a basic sense of inferiority Your personality or lifestyle is your way of responding to feelings of inferiority

Cont.,
Three styles of compensating for inferiority overcompensate (superiority complex) dominate and aggress against others give up (inferiority complex) withdraw from or depend on others strive for superiority in meaningful, prosocial ways achieve in love and work Entrance Gates to Mental Life (lifestyle and ones approach to problem- solving).

Birth order in the Family:


Older Children more intelligent, achievement-oriented, conforming, affiliate. - dethronement of the 1st born is deeply felt because attention from the parents will now be shared. Middle Children show a combination of both - 2nd born is extremely ambitious since he/she is constantly attempting to catch up and surpass the older siblings.

Cont.,

Younger children more aggressive, ambitious, sociable, spoiled, dependent, and easily loses courage to succeed by his/her own effort. While ambitious, the most ambitious of all are the lazy type ( a sign of ambition joined w/ discouragement) the ambition is so high that the individual sees no hope of realizing it. Only Child tends to be more like the Older child; is never dethroned; often very sweet and affectionate but experiences shock when he/she cannot remain the center of attention. (e.g., when in school)

Harry Stack Sullivan (Interpersonal Theory)


Sullivan emphasized interpersonal relationships and social experiences in shaping personality Sullivans theorem of escape describes a selfsystem that is resistant to experiences that evoke anxiety Sullivan's theorem of reciprocal emotions refers to the interactive influence of emotions between the self and others, and reflects the interpersonal aspects of anxiety Personality is not Pure entity; It is result if interpersonal relations

A. Dynamism smallet unit in the study of an individual; an enduring behavioral pattern which characterizes the individual in the duration of his/her lifetime.
A dynamism serve the purpose of sastifying ones basic needs. Self-system the guardian of ones security; results from and to avoid anxiety.

Structure of Personality:

Cont.,
B. Personification the image that one has of him/herself or of another person; a complex web of feelings, attitudes, and conceptions that grow out of experiences with need-satisfaction and anxiety. Stereotype personification that is hared by a number of people; a validated concept of idea that is widely accepted by members of society and handed down from generation to generation.

Cont.,

1. Proto-taxic streams of consciousness, raw sensations, images, and feelings that flow through the mind of a sedate being. 2. Parataxic seeing causal relationships or connections between 2 events that occur at about the same time but which are not logically related. 3. Syntaxic consensually validated symbol activity especially of a verbal nature; enable people to communicate with each other.

Experiences:

Cont.,
C. Cognitive mans foresight the man, the person, lives with his past, present, and the neighboring future all explains his thoughts and actions.

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