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Human Needs
A Need is a lack or deficit of something within the system or organism. Needs create tensions
Mental strain Nervous anxiety Muscular contraction
Motivation Process
STEP 1 INTERNAL STEP 2 STEP 3
OBSERVED ACTION
EXTERNAL SATISFACTION
GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
CREATES TENSION
REDUCES TENSION
Hofstedes Study
Study of employees in 7 occupational levels in 16 countries, has concluded:
i. Professionals - self- actualisation and esteem. ii. Managers - self-actualisation, esteem and social needs. iii. Technicians - mixture of self-actualisation, esteem, social, security, and physiological needs iv. Clerical workers - social needs v. Unskilled workers - security and physiological needs
DRIVES NEEDS
ATTEMPTS TO SATISFY SEARCH BEHAVIOUR MAKES EFFORTS FOR GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
REDUCTION OF TENSION
LEADS TO
LEADS TO SATISFACTION
Defence Mechanism
i. Aggression ii. Withdrawal
a) b) Regression Emotional Insulation
SECONDARY NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS SOCIAL NEEDS SAFETY & SECURITY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
PRIMARY NEEDS
Maslow theorises
1. Needs are interdependent and over-lapping. 2. People are partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied. 3. Higher satisfaction at the lower need level than the higher need level.
Maslows Conclusion
Average citizen satisfies his 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Physiological Needs Safety Needs Belonging or Social Needs Egoistic Needs Self-fulfillment Needs 85% 70% 50% 40% 10%
Exceptions
a) When a need is satisfied, it becomes undervalued. b) Emergence of a new need is a gradual phenomenon. c) Needs are more often unconscious than conscious. d) A satisfied person no longer has the needs for esteem, love, safety, etc.