Chemical Equations

&
Reactions

Chapter Six
 Outline
• Chemical Equations
• Balancing Equations
• Types of Chemical Reactions
– Combination
– Decomposition
– Single Replacement
– Double Replacement
• Gas forming
• Precipitation
• Neutralization
– Oxidation-Reduction
 Chemical Equations
Chemistry is the study of matter and
the changes in matter.
• Changes in matter are chemical reactions
• Chemical reactions are described
symbolically by __________________
Before  After
• Reactants  Products
• Reactants _________ products.
 Chemical Equations

• Reactant1 + Reactant2 Product1 + Product2

• Subscripted numbers

• Coefficients

• Symbols
 Balancing Chemical Equations

Guiding Principle
- Law of ________________________

How to achieve a balanced equation?

- select _____________________ to make
the numbers of each atom the ________
on the reactant and the product sides
of the chemical equation.
 Balancing Chemical Equations
• Identify an element that appears in only one
substance on each side of the equation.
• If several atoms satisfy this condition, select the
substance that has the largest number of atoms
of a single element.
• Balance the number of atoms of that element by
placing the proper coefficients in front of each
substance with that element on each side of the
equation.
• Balance atoms of other elements by the same
process.
• Next, balance atoms that appear in two or more
places.
• Reduce all coefficients to __________________.
 Examples of Balancing Equations

• Nitrogen and hydrogen react to form

ammonia

• Aluminum hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid

to yield aluminum sulfate and water
Indicators of a Chemical Reaction
• _____________ formation

• Formation of ______________________

• A __________________ change

• Evolution or absorption of ____________

 Types of Chemical Reactions
• Combination
• Decomposition
• Single Replacement
• Double Replacement
• Gas forming
• Precipitation
• Neutralization
• Oxidation Reduction
 Combination Reactions
• the union of two or more ______________
to produce a one or more complex
substance(s):
– X + Y  XY
• Examples:
C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g)
 Decomposition Reactions
• the breaking down of a substance into
two or more simpler substances:
– XY  X + Y
• Examples: the decomposition of
carbonates, nitrates and chlorates
–
 Single Replacement Reactions

• an element is substituted into a compound

for another element in the compound:
– A + BY  AY + B
• Example: the reduction of metal oxides
with carbon
•
 Double Replacement Reactions

• two compounds exchange atoms or groups of

atoms to produce two different compounds:
– AX + BY  AY + BX

• Example: the reaction of a metal carbonate

with an acid
 Double Replacement Reactions
• Precipitation
– two soluble ionic compounds form an insoluble
product, a precipitate, when mixed based on
_____________________________________

– AX (aq) + BY (aq)  AY (s) + BX (aq)

– AX (s) + H2O (l)  A+ (aq) + X- (aq)

– BY (s) + H2O (l)  B+ (aq) + Y- (aq)

 Will a precipitate form?
• What are the possibilities when solutions of
two ionic compounds, AX and BY are mixed?

– _________________________ forms or

– _________________________ forms.

• How to determine which result is correct?

• Apply solubility rules (Table 6.1)
 Solubility Rules in Water
(Table 6.1)
• All ionic compounds of alkali elements
(lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium &
cesium) and ammonium ions are soluble.
• All nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates are
soluble.
• Chlorides, bromides and iodides are
soluble except Pb2+, Ag+ & Hg22+
• All sulfates are soluble except Sr2+ , Ba2+
Pb2+ and Hg22+
 Insolubility Rules in Water
(Table 6.1)
• All carbonates(CO32-), chromates(CrO4 2- )
and phosphates(PO4 3- ) are insoluble
except ammonium and alkali elements.
• All hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble except
those of alkali elements, ammonium ions,
except Sr2+ , Ba2+ and Ca2+
• All metal sulfides (S 2- ) are insoluble
except those of alkali elements and
ammonium ions
 Neutralization Reaction:
the reaction of an acid with a base
• What is an acid?
– a substance which makes _______________
when dissolved in water.

• The general formula for an acid is HX

– Examples:
 Neutralization Reaction:
the reaction of an acid with a base
• What is a base?
• a substance which makes
________________ when dissolved in water.

• General formula for a base is BOH

– Examples:
 Neutralization Reaction:
the reaction of an acid with a base
• HX + BOH  BX + H2O
• More concretely

• HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

• The neutralization of an acid with a base

yields ____________________________.
 Common Acids and Bases
• Inorganic
– Acids – HF, HBr, HI, HCl, HNO3 & H2SO4
– Bases – LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
• Organic
– Acids – have COOH group, acetic acid CH3COOH
– Bases – contain nitrogen and are called amines,
methylamine CH3NH2
• Amino acids – a combination of a carboxylic
acid with an amine group
yields________________________________
 Oxidation & Reduction
• Oxidation – the ______________________
• Reduction – the _____________________
• Both oxidation and reduction occur to
conserve matter.
• An atom or atoms loses electrons, is
oxidized .
• And another atom or atoms gains
electrons, is reduced.
•
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
Electron Transfer Reactions
• Oxidation-reduction (also called redox)
reactions have been shown earlier.
• Combination:
– C + O2  CO2
• Single replacement:
– C + Fe2O3  Fe + CO2
• Decomposition
– NaNO3  NaNO2 + O2
 Oxidation Numbers
• Oxidation numbers (ON) – a “bookkeeping”
system for keeping track of
__________________________________
_

• Oxidation number is
__________________________________
_ for an atom, an ion or a polyatomic ion or
molecule.
 Rules for ON Assignment

• Assignment of ON is based upon

________________________________
• ON for an element in elemental state is ____
• ON of a monoatomic ion is the
___________________________________
• Metals have positive ON in compounds
• ON for hydrogen is mostly,___________
• ON for oxygen is mostly _____________
 Rules for ON Assignment
• ON for fluorine is _______________.
• ON for Cl, Br and I are –1 except when
combined with _________________.
• Algebraic sum of the ONs for all atoms in a
molecule is ____________________.
• Algebraic sum of the ON for all atoms in a
polyatomic ion is the same as the
_________________________
Examples of Oxidation Numbers
• CO2 H2O

• CH4 HF

• Na + Br-

• NH4 + SO4 2- SO3 2-

• MnO4 - BrO3 -