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• Introduction
• Optical Fundamentals
• Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
Budget = 36 dB
Nonlinearity
Distortion
Core Cladding
• An optical fiber is made of
three sections:
The core carries the
light signals
The cladding keeps the light
in the core
The coating protects the glass Coating
n2 Cladding
θ0 θ1
n1 Core
Intensity Profile
n2 Cladding
• Multimode fiber
Core diameter varies n1 Core
50 mm for step index
62.5 mm for graded index
Bit rate-distance product
>500 MHz-km
• Single-mode fiber n2 Cladding
Core diameter is about 9 mm
Bit rate-distance product n1
>100 THz-km Core
UV IR 125 GHz/nm
λ
Visible
• Light 850 nm
Ultraviolet (UV) 980 nm
1310 nm
Visible
1480 nm
Infrared (IR)
1550 nm
• Communication wavelengths 1625 nm
850, 1310, 1550 nm
Low-loss wavelengths C =ƒ x λ
• Specialty wavelengths Wavelength:λ (nanometers)
980, 1480, 1625 nm Frequency: ƒ (terahertz)
Pi
P0
T T
• Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds
Causes spreading of the light pulse
Interference
10 Gbps
t
60 Km SMF-28
40 Gbps
4 Km SMF-28 t
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Combating Chromatic Dispersion
• Dispersion
Compensating Fiber:
By joining fibers with CD of
opposite signs (polarity) and
suitable lengths an average
dispersion close to zero can
be obtained; the
compensating fiber can be
several kilometers and the
reel can be inserted at any
point in the link, at the
receiver or at the transmitter
+100
0
-100
-200
-300
No Compensation
-400 With Compensation
-500 Distance from
Transmitter (km)
Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable
Transmitter
Dispersion
Compensators
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion?
• Caused by ovality of
core due to:
Manufacturing process
Internal stress (cabling)
External stress (trucks)
• Only discovered in
the 90s
• Most older fiber not
characterized for PMD
nx
Ex ny
Pulse As It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As It Leaves the Fiber
Loss of Energy
Shape Distortion
Phase Variation
Re-Shape DCU
O-E-O
Re-Generate
t t t
ts Optimum ts Optimum Re-gen, Re-shape and ts Optimum
Sampling Time Sampling Time Remove Optical Noise Sampling Time
• Introduction
• Components
• Forward Error Correction
• DWDM Design
• Summary
• TDM (SONET/SDH)
DS-1
Takes sync and async signals DS-3
and multiplexes them to a OC-1
SONET Fiber
single higher optical bit rate OC-3
OC-12 ADM
E/O or O/E/O conversion OC-48
• (D)WDM
Takes multiple optical
signals and multiplexes OC-12c
DWDM
onto a single fiber OC-48c Fiber
OADM
OC-192c
No signal format conversion
OC-48
DWDM Transmission—10 Gbps OC-48
OC-48 OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48 120 km 120 km 120 km OC-48
OA OA OA OA
• Transparency
Can carry multiple protocols on same fiber
Monitoring can be aware of multiple protocols
1530.33 nm 1553.86 nm
λ
0.80 nm
195.9 THz 193.0 THz ν
100 GHz
L-Band:1565–1625nm
0.5 dB/Km
0.2 dB/Km
• Introduction
• Components
• Forward Error Correction
• DWDM Design
λ3
Transponder
Optical Multiplexer
λ1
λ1
λ2 λ1...n
λ2
λ3
λ3
Optical De-multiplexer
λ1
OEO
λ2
From Optical To DWDM Mux
OLTE OEO
λn
OEO
Low Cost Wavelengths
IR/SR Optics Converted
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Performance Monitoring
λ λ
Partially transmitting
Mirror Mirror
• EDFA amplifiers
• Separate amplifiers for C-band and L-band
• Source of optical noise
• Simple
Typical
Fiber Loss
25 THz
4 THz
OA Gain
Erbium-Doped
Fiber (10–50m)
Pump Pump
Laser Laser
Signal Level
X dB
Noise Level
Dielectric Filter
λ 1 ,λ 2 ,λ 3 ,...λ n
λ2 λ 1 , ,λ 3 ,...
λn
DWDM
DWDM
Mux
Demux
Wavelength Wavelength
Multiplexed Multiplexed
Signals Signals
Wavelengths
Converted via Wavelengths
Transponders separated into
individual ITU
Specific
lambdas
Loss of power for each Lambda
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Optical Add/Drop Filters (OADMs)
Drop
Channel
Drop &
Insert
Add
Channel
• Introduction
• Components
• Forward Error Correction
• DWDM Design
• Summary
Transmission
Transmitter Receiver
Channel
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Error Correction
10 -10
Coding Gain
BER floor
10 -20
10 -30
Received Optical
power (dBm)
-46 -44 -42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32
IP FEC FEC IP
. .
. .
• Introduction
• Components
• Forward Error Correction
• DWDM Design
• Summary
• DWDM Challenges
• Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional
• Protection
• Capacity
• Distance
Optical
Loss Amplification
OA
Saw Tooth
Dispersion
Compensation
Dispersion
DCU DCU
Fiber spool Fiber spool
Length
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM
DWDM systems can be implemented in two different ways
• Uni-directional:
λ1 λ2
λ3
• Bi-directional:
a group of wavelengths for each Fiber
direction
λ5
λ6 λ1
λ7 λ2
λ8 λ3
λ4
Full band
16 ch 16 λ 16 λ
full Channel
Spacing
duplex 16 λ 16 λ 100 GHz
Red-band
Splitter Protected
Y-Cable and Line Card
Protected
1 1 Client
Transponder Interface
2 2 Client
Transponders interfaces
protected
lambda
Distance
Bit Rate
Solution
Space
Wavelengths
S Pnoise
G = Gain of Amplifier
Amplifier Spacing
D = Link Distance
10
80 km
100 km
5
120 km
140 km
2.5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Total System Length (km)
aul
Long H
• Introduction
• Components
• Forward Error Correction
• DWDM Design
• Summary