DYNAMIC HOST REGISTRATION -INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL

INTRODUCTION

IGMP is used by host receivers to join or leave a multicast host group.

IGMP is used by IPv4-based receivers. The latest version at press time was Version 3.

IGMPv3 supports receivers that explicitly signal sources from which they wish to receive traffic.
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INTRODUCTION

Specifically, IGMPv3 is employed by hosts to signal channel access in SSM (Source Specific Multicast ).

Benefits of SSM:

Optimized access bandwidth utilization Risk reduction

IGMP MESSAGES

In Version 1 , there are two types of IGMP messages: MQ and MR.

MQ

receiver MR

router

IGMPv2 message types are MQ,MR, and Leave Group (LG).

MQ: generic (general MQ), specific (group-specific MQ).

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IGMP MESSAGES

The IGMP messages for IGMPv2

IGMPv3 MESSAGES

Version 3 allows receivers to subscribe to or exclude a specific set of sources within a multicast group, rather than just an individual source (this is called, as noted, source specific multicast).
With this feature, IGMPv 3 adds support for source filtering. IGMPv3 is not widely implemented as of press time.
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IGMPv3 MESSAGES

Receivers signal membership to a multicast host group in the following two modes

INCLUDE mode. EXCLUDE mode.

To support this capability the membership query packet (type of 0x11) has been changed; in addition, a new packet type of 0x22 has been added.
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IGMPv3 MESSAGES

In IGMPv3 there are the following three variants of the Query message

general query group-specific query group-and-source-specific query

IGMPv3 MESSAGES

The Max Resp Code field specifies the maximum time allowed before sending a responding report.
Represented in units of 1/10 s and is derived from the maximum response code.

< 128, the value of the maximum response time Max Resp Code >=128, Max Resp Code represents a floating-point
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IGMPv3 MESSAGES

If Max Resp Code >= 128

Ex: assume that the value of the maximum response code is decimal 178.

10110010 Byte 0= 1 Exp = 011 Mant = 0010 The subsequent calculations are ( Mant | 0x10) = (0010|10000) = 10010 Expt+11 = 011+ 11= 110 (basically, 3 +3= 6 in base 10, or 110 in base 2)

Therefore, when the maximum response code is decimal 178, the maximum response time is 1152 tenths of a second.
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IGMPv3 MESSAGES

The QRV field (Queriers Robustness Variable) carries a parameter that is used in tuning timer values for expected packet loss. The QQIC field (Queriers Query Interval Code) carries a value specifying the query interval, in seconds, used by the originator of this query.
Number of Sources field indicates how many source addresses are contained within the Query message.
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IGMPv3 MESSAGES

As noted earlier, IGMPv3 adds a new type of 0x22 to support the IGMPv3 MR. MRs are sent by IP systems to report (to neighboring routers) the current multicast reception state.

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IGMPv3 MESSAGES

The Record Type field indicates whether the group record type is a current-state, filter-mode-change, or source-listchange record.
Version 3 reports are sent with an IP destination address of 224.0.0.22, to which all IGMPv3-capable multicast routers listen. Because of its higher complexity, IGMPv3 is not universally supported by all the receiver hosts, IGMPv2 is more common, especially in IPTV applications
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IGMP OPERATION

IGMP is an asymmetric protocol.

Host Operations

To receive multicast datagrams, a host must join a group. To join a group, the host sends an IGMP membership report packet through an attached interface.

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IGMP OPERATION

Multicast Router Operations

Multicast routers listen to all multicast addresses to detect membership reports.

1. receiver (host) signals to join a group, 2. creates an entry in the local group database. 3. To verify group membership, multicast routers regularly send an IGMP Query message.

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IGMP OPERATION

Switches Using IGMP Snooping

IGMP snooping utilizes a router to send out IGMP Query messages to identify potentially interested receivers. Membership reports are returned to the router, which builds a mapping table of the group and associates forwarding filters for the member port. If no router is available, some switches can take on the query function. RFC 4541 provides mechanisms to allow switches to snoop on IGMP traffic.

This reduces the amount of unnecessary multicast traffic flooding to locally attached networks that have no active receivers.
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IGMP OPERATION

Figure 4.5 illustrates the process at a macrolevel; here receivers seek to access a video multicast from an IPTV source.

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PROTOCOL DETAILS FOR IGMPv2

Receiver (Host) State Diagram

A host may be in one of the following three possible states with respect to any single IP multicast group on any single network interface:

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PROTOCOL DETAILS FOR IGMPv2

Router State Diagram

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PROTOCOL DETAILS FOR IGMPv2

In addition, to keep track of which groups have members, a router may be in one of the four possible states with respect to any single IP multicast group on any single attached network.

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PROTOCOL DETAILS FOR IGMPv2

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