SUBMITTED TO: Mr.

Vishal Sharma

GUIDE: Mr. Jaget Singh

SPEAKER: Ankush Dhiman ECE- 7th Sem UE85015

Department of Electronics and Communications U.I.E.T. Panjab University

What Is GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation and precise-positioning tool. Developed by the Department of Defense in 1973. GPS was originally designed to assist soldiers and military vehicles, planes, and ships in accurately determining their locations worldwide. Today, the uses of GPS have extended to include both the commercial and scientific worlds.

Before GPS ground based navigational systems like LORAN and DECCA NAVIGATOR were used to assist military forces in world war 2. OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM (ONS) was developed in 1970 based on phase comparison transmitted signal and pairs of stations. ONS was the first world wide radio navigation system.

 Lack

of accuracy in ground based navigation systems. Need of precise positioning of military vehicles during cold war. To assist nuclear triad of SLBMs ICBMs and USAF strategic bombers. To assist commercial carriers , aircrafts and civilian vehicles around the globe.

 GPS

system is composed of three segments. The segments are : 1. THE SPACE SEGMENT 2. THE GROUND SEGMENT 3. THE CONTROL SEGMENT

The GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth in very precise orbits twice a day. GPS satellites emit continuous navigation signals. They orbit earth in six orbits with 4 satellites in each orbit at an altitude of 20200km. These orbits are inclined at an angle of 55 deg. to the equator

The second part of the GPS system is the ground station, comprised of a receiver and antenna, as well as communication tools to transmit data to the data center. The omni-directional antenna at each site, acting much like a car radio antenna, picks up the satellite signals and transmits them to the site receiver as electric currents. The receiver then separates the signals into different channels designated for a particular satellite and frequency at a particular time. Once the signals have been isolated, the receiver can decode them and split them into individual frequencies.

Control segment or Data center is an integral part of GPS system . The role of the data center is two fold. It both monitors and controls the global GPS stations, and it uses automated computer systems to retrieve and analyze data from the receivers at those stations. Once processed, the data , along with the original raw data, is made available to scientists around the world for use in a variety of applications.

GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing signal sent by GPS satellite. Position is calculated with help of triangulation Each transmitted message include 1. the time it was transmitted 2. precise orbital information (ephemeris) 3. the general system health and rough orbitals of other satellites (almanac)

 Position

is calculated from distance measurement The intersection of three spheres with satellites at their center and the distance of satellite from receiver being radius Mathematically we need four satellites but three are sufficient by rejecting the ridiculous answer

 Distance

to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio signal takes to reach us from the satellite Assuming the satellite and receiver clocks are sync. The delay of the code in the receiver multiplied by the speed of light gives us the distance

The GPS receiver and satellite generate the same pseudo-random code at exactly the same time. When the code arrives from the satellite, the time difference is compared to the same code generated by the receiver. This difference is multiplied by the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) to determine the distance to the satellite

 If

the clocks are perfectly sync the satellite range will intersect at a single point. But if imperfect the four satellite will not intersect at the same point. The receiver looks for a common correction that will make all the satellite intersect at the same point

 95%

due to hardware ,environment and atmosphere Intentional signal degradation

Selective availability Anti spoofing

 Two

components

Dither : manipulation of the satellite clock freq Epsilon: errors imposed within the ephemeris data sent in the broadcast message

 Here

the P code is made un gettable by converting it into the Y code. This problem is over come by cross correlation

 Satellite

errors
propagation errors

Errors in modeling clock offset Errors in Keplerian representation of ephemeris Through the ionosphere , carrier experiences phase advance and the code experiences group delay Dependent on

Atmospheric

Geomagnetic latitude Time of the day Elevation of the satellite

 Atmospheric

errors can be removed by

Dual freq measurement low freq get refracted more than high freq thus by comparing delays of L1 and L2 errors can be eliminated

Troposphere

causes delays in code and

carrier But they arent freq dependent But the errors are successfully modeled Errors due to Multipath Receiver noise

 Forces

on the GPS satellite

Earth is not a perfect sphere and hence uneven gravitational potential distribution Other heavenly bodies attract the satellite , but these are very well modeled Not a perfect vacuum hence drag but it is negligible at GPS orbits Solar radiation effects which depends on the surface reflectivity , luminosity of the sun , distance of to the sun. this error is the largest unknown errors source

 GLONASS

: RUSSIAN GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM became available for civilian use in 2007. Planned Chinese COMPASS NAVIGATION SYSTEM. EUROPEAN UNIONS GALILEO POSITIONING SYSTEM.

GPS is a boon for man kind , as it assists military forces in fight against terrorists and other evils. It has changed the way we travel today , as car GPS receivers on a press of a button display our position , travel route , distance to the destination and even estimate time at spont. speed GPS play a vital role in navigation for cargo ships instead of relying on conventional magnetic compass Finally, it can be said one can not be lost with GPS assisting his path.