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AC Circuit Analysis

Compute Z and for the circuit shown with MATLAB


Let the given network be represented as shown in Figure below where Z1 = j13-j8 = j5 , and Z2 = 10 +j5 and Z3 = 20 j16

In the circuit of Figure , and the symbols V and A inside the circles denote an AC voltmeter * and ammeter respectively. Assume that the ammeter has negligible internal resistance. The variable capacitor C is adjusted until the voltmeter reads 25 V and the ammeter 5 A. Find the value of the capacitor.

Solution: Since the instruments read absolute values, we are only need to be concerned the magnitudes of the phasor voltage, phasor current, and impedance. Thus,

For the circuit of Figure 1, find vc(t) if vs1 = 15 V, vS2 (t) = 20 cos 1000t V , and is(t) = 4cos2000t A. Plot vc(t) using MATLAB

Fig 1

This circuit is excited by a DC (constant) voltage source, an AC (sinusoidal) voltage source, and an AC current source of different frequency. Therefore, we will apply the superposition principle. Let V'C be the capacitor voltage due to vS1 acting alone, VC the capacitor voltage due to v S2(t) acting alone, and V'C the capacitor voltage due to iS(t) acting alone. Then, the capacitor voltage due to all three sources acting simultaneously will be V = V + V' + V''. With the DC voltage source acting alone, after steady-state conditions have been reached the inductors behave like short circuits and the capacitor as an open circuit and thus the circuit is simplified as below. Also Voltage source short circuited while current source open circuited. By the voltage division expression

Next, with the sinusoidal voltage source vs2(t) acting alone the reactance's are 5
-j 2

By KCL

With MATLAB

Finally with the sinusoidal current source is(t) acting alone the reactance's are
Current source and its parallel resistance have been replaced with a voltage source with a series resistor

V = Is x R = 4 x 5 = 20

By KCL

With MATLAB

These waveforms are plotted below using the following MATLAB code: wt = linspace(0,2*2*pi); Vc1=5; Vc2=3.97*cos(wt-62.9*pi/180); % degree converted in radians Vc3 = 3.43*cos(2*wt-114.8*pi/180); plot(wt,Vc1,'*',wt,Vc2,'+',wt,Vc3,'x',wt,Vc1+Vc2+Vc3,'--')

RL Circuit
For an RL circuit, the voltage v(t) and i(t) are given as; v(t) = 10cos(377t) i(t) = 5cos(377t+60o) Sketch v(t) and i(t) for t = 0 to 20 milliseconds

% RL circuit % current i(t) and voltage v(t) are generated; t is time t = 0:1E-3:20E-3; v = 10*cos(377*t); ang = (60*pi/180); % angle in radians (60 is degrees) i= 5*cos(377*t+ang); plot(t,v,'*',t,i,'o') title('voltage and current of an RL circuit') xlabel('sec') ylabel('voltage (V) and current(mA)') text(0.003,1.5,'v(t)'); % text command place v(t) on x and y axis respectively. text(0.009,2,'i(t)')

voltage and current of an RL circuit 10 8 6

voltage (V) and current(mA)

4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 v(t) i(t)

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008

0.01 sec

0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018

0.02

Compute and sketch all phasor voltages for the circuit of Figure below. Then, use MATLAB to plot these quantities in the t-domain

We will begin by selecting diagram of Fig.

as our reference as shown on the phasor

and

below

G=[1,0,0;-1/2,1/2-1/5j+1/3j,-1/3j;0,-1/3j,1/3j+1/5]; % Enter all values of the I matrix I=[1 0 0]'; % Compute node voltages V=G\I; % Got the values of V(1), V(2), V(3) VR1=V(1)- V(2); VL=V(2)- V(3); % Compute magnitudes and phase angles of voltages magV1=abs(V(1)); magV2=abs(V(2)); magV3=abs(V(3)); phaseV1=angle(V(1))*180/pi; phaseV2=angle(V(2))*180/pi; phaseV3=angle(V(3))*180/pi; magVR1=abs(VR1); phaseVR1=angle(VR1)*180/pi; magVL=abs(VL); phaseVL=angle(VL)*180/pi; % Denote radian frequency as w and plot wt for 0 to 2*pi range wt=linspace(0,2*pi); V1=magV1*cos(wt+phaseV1); V2=magV2*cos(wt+phaseV2); V3=magV3*cos(wt+phaseV3); VR1t=magVR1*cos(wt+phaseVR1); VLt=magVL*cos(wt+phaseVL);

% Convert wt to degrees deg=wt*180/pi; % Print phasor voltages, magnitudes, and phase angles fprintf(' \n'); % With fprintf only the real part of each parameter is processed so we will use disp disp('V1 = '); disp(V(1)); disp('V2 = '); disp(V(2)); disp('V3 = '); disp(V(3)); disp('VR1 = '); disp(VR1); disp('VL = '); disp(VL); fprintf('magV1 = %4.2f V \t', magV1); fprintf('magV2 = %4.2f V \t', magV2); fprintf('magV3 = %4.2f V', magV3); fprintf(' \n'); fprintf(' \n'); % To create a gap between mag and phase fprintf('phaseV1 = %4.2f deg \t', phaseV1); fprintf('phaseV2 = %4.2f deg \t', phaseV2); fprintf('phaseV3 = %4.2f deg', phaseV3); fprintf(' \n'); fprintf(' \n'); fprintf('magVR1 = %4.2f V \t', magVR1); fprintf('phaseVR1 = %4.2f deg ', phaseVR1); fprintf(' \n'); fprintf(' \n'); fprintf('magVL = %4.2f V \t', abs(VL)); fprintf('phaseVL = %4.2f deg ', phaseVL); fprintf(' \n'); plot(deg,V1,deg,V2,deg,V3,deg,VR1t,deg,VLt) fprintf(' \n');

1 0.8 V1 V2 V3 VR1 VL

>> phasorvoltages V1 = 1 V2 = 0.7503 - 0.1296i V3 = 0.4945 - 0.4263i VR1 = 0.2497 + 0.1296i VL = 0.2558 + 0.2967i magV1 = 1.00 V phaseV1 = 0.00 deg magVR1 = 0.28 V magVL = 0.39 V

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

magV2 = 0.76 V phaseV2 = -9.80 deg phaseVR1 = 27.43 deg phaseVL = 49.24 deg

magV3 = 0.65 V phaseV3 = -40.76 deg

With these values we have vs(t) = v1(t) = coswt V2(t) = 0.76cos(wt-9.80) V3(t) = 0.65cos(wt-40.80) vR1(t) = 0.28cos(wt+27.40) VL(t) = 0.39cos(wt+49.20) Note: With command legend(V1,V2,V3,VR1,VL) we can put the legend on plot

For the circuit of Figure 1, vs(t) = 100cos1000t V. Compute the average power delivered (or absorbed) by each device jwL = j103 x 3 x 10-3 = j3 and j/wC= -j /103 x2 x104= -j5 The phasor equivalent circuit is shown below where

Fig 1 Fig 2

Z3

MATLAB codes

Steady state AC power


Figure shows an impedance with voltage across it given by v(t) and current through it i(t). The instantaneous power p(t) = v(t) i(t) ------------(1)

If v(t) and i(t) are periodic with period T, the rms or effective values of the voltage and current are

Where Vrms and Irms is the rms value of v(t) and i(t) respectively. The average power dissipated by The one port network is

The power factor pf is given as If both the current i(t) and voltage v(t) are both sinusoidal, i.e.

The rms value of the voltage v(t) and current is

The average power P is The power factor, pf, is The reactive power Q is The complex power, S, is

Integration
In order to find the integral The general forms of quad functions that can be used to find q are

For the fig if and . Determine Find the average power, rms value of v(t) and the power factor using (a) analytical solution and (b) numerical solution

Function files (Lower codes are for function files)

function vsq=voltage1(t)
% voltage 1 This function is used to define the voltage function

vsq=(10*cos(120*pi*t+30*pi/180)).^2; %Square of voltage and changing degree into radian also (Save the above codes with name voltage1 as function file) function isq=current1(t)
% current1 This function is used to define the current function

isq=(6*cos(120*pi*t+60*pi/180)).^2; %Square of current and changing degree into radian also (Save the above codes with name current1 as function file) function pt = inst_pr(t) %inst_pr This function is used to define % instantaneous power obtained by multiplying sinusoidal voltage and current it = 6*cos(120*pi*t + 60*pi/180); vt = 10*cos(120*pi*t + 30*pi/180); pt = it.*vt; (Save the above codes with name inst_pr as function file)

T=2*pi/(120*pi); % 2*pi is the period of the sine wave , 120 * pi is the time period of v(t) and i(t) a = 0; % lower limit of integration b = T; % upper limit of integration x = 0:0.02:1; % Array t=x.*b; %Array x is multiplied to T and get points on time period v_int = quad('voltage1',a,b); %integration of instantaneous value v_rms = sqrt(v_int/b); % rms of voltage i_int = quad('currentl',a,b); % integration of instantaneous value i_rms = sqrt(i_int/b); % rms of current p_int =quad('inst_pr',a,b); % instantaneous value p_ave = p_int/b; % average power pf = p_ave/(i_rms*v_rms); % power factor % analytical solution p_ave_an = (60/2)*cos(30*pi/180); %Average Power is Multiplication of Vrms and Irms with difference of angle , an represent analytical v_rms_an = 10.0/sqrt(2); pf_an = cos(30*pi/180); % results are printed fprintf('Average power, analytical %f\n Average power, numerical: %f\n',p_ave_an,p_ave) fprintf('rms voltage, analytical: %f \n rms voltage, numerical: %f \n', v_rms_an, v_rms) fprintf('power factor, analytical: %f \n power factor, numerical: %f \n', pf_an, pf)
Average power, analytical 25.980762 Average power, numerical: 25.980762 rms voltage, analytical: 7.071068 rms voltage, numerical: 7.071068 power factor, analytical: 0.866025 power factor, numerical: 0.866025

In figure, showing an unbalanced wye-wye system, find the phase voltages VAN, VBN and VCN
Using KVL, we can solve for I1, I2, I3
-------(1) ---(2) ---(3) Simplifying Equations 1,2 and 3, we have -----(4) ------(5) -------(6)

Expressing the above equations in matrix form We have The phase voltages can be obtained as

The above matrix can be written as

Matlab Codes
% This program calculates the phasor voltage of % an unbalanced three-phase system % Z is impedance matrix, V is voltage vector % I is current vector Z = [6-13*j 0 0; 0 4+2*j 0; 0 0 6-12.5*j]; v2= 110*exp(j*pi*(-120/180)); % volt v2 In Radians v3 = 110*exp(j*pi*(120/180)); % In Radians

Polar form

exponential form

110L-120 = 110ej(-120) = 110ej(-120 x pi/180)


% print out results fprintf('phasor voltage Van,magnitude: %f \n phasor voltage Van, angle in degree: %f \n', Van_abs, Van_ang) fprintf('phasor voltage Vbn,magnitude: %f \n phasor voltage Vbn, angle in degree: %f \n', Vbn_abs, Vbn_ang) fprintf('phasor voltage Vcn,magnitude: %f \n phasor voltage Vcn, angle in degree: %f \n', Vcn_abs, Vcn_ang) The following results were obtained: phasor voltage Van, magnitude: 99.875532 phasor voltage Van, angle in degree: 132.604994 phasor voltage Vbn, magnitude: 122.983739 phasor voltage Vbn, angle in degree: -93.434949 phasor voltage Vcn, magnitude: 103.134238 phasor voltage Vcn, angle in degree: 116.978859

V = [110; v2; v3]; % column voltage vector I =inv(Z)*V; % solve for loop currents %calculate the phase voltages Van =(5+12*j)*I(1); Vbn = (3+4*j)*I(2); Vcn = (5-12*j)*I(3); Van _abs = abs(Van); Van_ang = angle(Van)*180/pi; Vbn _abs = abs(Vbn); Vbn_ang = angle(Vbn)*180/pi; Vcn_abs = abs(Vcn); Vcn_ang = angle(Vcn)*180/pi;

Example of Isolation transformer


For the circuit below, find the voltage ratio V 2 / V 1

Solution: The dots are given to us as shown. Now, we arbitrarily assign currents I1 &12 and we write mesh equations for each mesh

With this current assignments I 2 leaves the dotted terminal of the right mesh and therefore the mutual voltage has a negative sign. Then, Mesh 1: R1I1+ jwL1I1 jwMI2 = V in ( 0.5 + j18.85) I1 j18.85I 2 = 120I_0o --------------------------------------(1)

Mesh 2: jwMI 1 + jwL2 I 2 + RLOAD I 2 = 0 % w = 377 r/s Or j18.85I1 + (500 + j37.7)12 = 0 ---------------(2) We will find the ratio V 2 / V 1 using the MATLAB code below where V 1 = j w LI I1 = j18.85 I1 and V2 = I2 Rload MATLAB codes Z=[0.5+18.85j -18.85j; -18.85j 500+37.7j]; V=[120 0]'; I=Z\V; %It will solve I(1) and I(2) fprintf(' \n'); fprintf('V1 = %7.3f V\t', abs(18.85j*I(1))); %abs of V1 fprintf('V2 = %7.3f V \t', abs(500*I(2))); %abs of V2 fprintf('Ratio V2/V1 = %7.3f \t', abs((500*I(2))/(18.85j*I(1)))) MATLAB Answer V1 = 120.093 V V2 = 119.753 V Ratio V2/V1 = 0.997

Thus the magnitude of Vload is practically same as the magnitude of Vin. However we suspect that Vload will be out of phase with Vin. We can find the phase of Vload by adding the following statement to the MATLAB code fprintf('Phase V2 = %6.2fdeg',angle(500*I(2))*180/pi) Answer Phase V2 = -0.64 deg This is a very small phase difference from the phase of Vin and thus we see that both magnitude and phase of Vload are essentially the same as that of Vin. If we increase the load resistance Rload to 1k we will find that again the magnitude and phase of Vload are essentially the same as that of Vin. Therefore, the transformer of this example is an isolation transformer, that is , it isolates the load from the source and the value of Vin appear across the load even though the load changes. An isolation transformer is also referred to as a 1:1 transformer. If in a transformer the secondary winding voltage is considerably higher than the input voltage, the transformer is referred to as a step-up transformer. Conversely, if the secondary winding voltage is considerably lower than the input voltage, the transformer is referred to as a step-down transformer.

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