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Issues
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb 3. Intensive complementation 4. Monotransitive complementation 5. Ditransitive complementation 6. Complextransitive complementation
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Verb
= words or phrases indicating an action, an event, or a state E.g.: kiss, break out, have
Structure
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Verbs
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Verbs
Regular
Irregular
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Verbs
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Verbs
include: do, have, be change meaning when becoming a full verb E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
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Verbs
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Verbs
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Verbs
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Verbs
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired. Hes in the cab.
Resulting copular
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Verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Transitive
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Verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi) have the pattern: SVOdOi E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
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Verbs
require Object and Object Complement Intensive verbs (Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli)) have the pattern: Mono-transitive SVOCo or SVOA(obli) E.g.: He made me really crazy. He sent his son to the kindergarten.
Complex-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
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Verbs
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Verbs
= verbs that show the condition or status and do not accept the progressive aspect E.g.: I am a boy. It feels thin.
Relational verbs
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Verbs
adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear, Relational verbs impress, know, like, etc. E.g.: I like you He said he hated cooking.
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Verbs
apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess, Verbs of inert perception & recognition sound, tend, etc. E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs
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Verbs
= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( is isnt dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)
Process verbs
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Verbs
Activities verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
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Verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
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One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Finite
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Verbs
as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE WORD E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
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Verbs
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Verbs
make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc. verbs Prepositional
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs
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Verbs
come up with, make up for, stand in for, Prepositional verbs put up with, etc.
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs
Occurrence in independent clause Tense contrast Person and number concord Finite verb inclusion Mood distinction
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Indicative Perfective
Active
Past
Perfectiveprogressive Simple
Imperative
Passive
Subjunctive
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Tense
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Aspect
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Aspect
Simple
Complex
Progressive
Present simple Present progressive
Perfective
Present perfect
Perfect progressive
Present perfect progressive
Past
Past simple
Past progressive
Past perfect
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Mood
Indicative
Imperative
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative) I suggest she be nice to me. (non-fact - subjunctive)
Subjunctive
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
Found in -that clause (verbs: recommend, demand, request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that) Form: the base Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Found in clause in certain set expressions Form: the base E.g.: May god bless you. Long live the King. God save the Queen. Come what may, well go ahead.
Subjunctive were
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
Found in conditional & concessive clauses, subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose Form: WERE Meaning: hypothetical/unreal E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted. Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
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Voice
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
that clause E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot. A (adverbial) wh-interrogative clause E.g.: The problem is not who will go. nominal relative clause E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
bare-infinitive clause A (adverbial) E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head. to-infinitive clause with(out) Subject (S) E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S) The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S) -ing clause finite clause E.g.: Seeing is believing.
non-finite clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation (SVO)
Noun phrase
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
Without passive
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question. Without passive The question was passed over. Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: phrasal verbs house. She has a nice A house is had by her.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
air fares.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause Wh- clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
Extraposed subject E.g.: I dont care what you are saying. that-clause
Wh- clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive Hypothesis
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Major
Factual
introduce what one might generally describe Suasive as factual or propositional information E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was Emotive misled.
Minor
Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive imply intentions to bring about some change in the future, whether or not these are verbally Hypothesis Minor formulated as commands, suggestions, etc E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs
Suasive E.g.: I regret that she worry. Emotive Hypothesis
Major
Factual
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Hypothesis
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
To-infinitive clause
Wh-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
To-infinitive clause
Wh-infinitive clause
E.g.: dont Ing-participleIclause like the house to be left empty. Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause driving my car. To-infinitive clause E.g.: I dislike him Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
To-infinitive clause
Wh-infinitive clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child. To-infinitive clause
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Di-transitive complementation
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Di-transitive complementation
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause the girl a doll. E.g.: He gave Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Di-transitive complementation
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
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Di-transitive complementation
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Di-transitive complementation
verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions Od & Oi = NP two passive forms of the sentence these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take Oi account of,non-finite clause = NP, Od = give way to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The garage clause Oi = NP, Od = finiteis made best use of. Best use is made of the garage.
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Di-transitive complementation
Od introduced by a preposition Od & Oi = NP one passive form with Oi only these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to, Oi rob of, refer to, etc. clause = NP, Od = non-finite E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement. Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained + me. Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to Prep I was explained about it.
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause
Complex-transitive complementation
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause
Complex-transitive complementation
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co
Complex-transitive complementation
Adverbials
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Adverbials are obligatory.
Complex-transitive complementation
Bare-infinitive E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket. Ing-clause Ed-clause
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive
Complex-transitive complementation
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive
Complex-transitive complementation
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
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Ing-clause
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive
Complex-transitive complementation
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Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive
Complex-transitive complementation
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