SEMINAR ON MODIFIED RELEASE CAPSULES

PRESENTED BY:
KRUNAL.D.SAMEJA
M.PHARM SEM-2 C.U.SHAH COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & RESEARCH,WADHWAN.
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LIST OF CONTENTS

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Introduction Innovations in capsule o Innovations in capsule shell o Innovations in capsule system Capsule liquid and semisolid filled Technology Chewable Soft Gelatin Capsule Recent Technology in Capsule Research article Study questions References
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INTRODUCTION(1)

Early 19th century, Mathes developed the first capsule dosage form from gelatin.
Since then this technology has been continuously improved and refined, yielding range of capsule forms available today.

Capsules are gelatin shells filled with the ingredients that make up an individual dose.

Capsules account for about 20% of all 25-04-2012 11:26 CCPR,Wadhwan prescriptions dispensed.

THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES(2,3)

(conventional)

Hard gelatin capsule Soft gelatin capsule

Demerits of conventional capsules: They are temperature & moisture sensitive. They can be easily tempered. Possibility of microbial growth. Aqueous or hydroalcoholic liquids can not be enclosed, because its dissolves the gelatin.
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 Reactivity with filled component. crosslinking reaction which occurs under accelerated storage conditions (e.g. 40 C/75%RH) consequently, disintegration of the capsule shell as well as the drug release is retarded. As a naturally occurring protein, gelatin is susceptible to hydrolysis to release amino acids and is inherently reactive toward many substances including aldehydes, reducing sugars, metal ions, plasticizers and preservatives. Gelatine for capsules is mainly of bovine origin, which creates a theoretical risk of transmitting bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) via capsules. 25-04-2012 11:26 CCPR,Wadhwan 5

Figure 1. Relative Humidity (RH), Gelatin Moisture Content, and Hard Gelatin Capsule Properties

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This design allows the filling of different types of formulation such as:

Capsules are use for filling different materials like

Powder

Granules

Beads

Tablets
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Caplets
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Objectives of modified Release capsules

Overcome the disadvantages associated with conventional capsules. Achieve modified drug release. Encapsulation of various kind of material. Modified applications

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Modified release capsules vs conventional Capsules

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INNOVATIONS IN SHELL INNOVATIONS IN SYSTEM SOME RECENT TECHNOLOGIES

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It includes: Improvement in the shell property Provide physical strength Protection from moisture Protection from microbial contamination Protection from light and oxygen Improve compatibility of fill material with capsule shell

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INNOVATIONS IN CAPSULE SHELLS:

HPMC Capsules Pullulan Capsules PVA Capsule Starch Capsule

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Gelatine/ PEG Capsules Coni-Snap Capsule(OceanCaps) Press-fit Gelcaps LiCaps Posilock

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1.Non-animal capsule shell A. HPMC CAPSULES(HYPROMELLOSE) (4,5,6):

Hypromellose is a release controlling polymer with diffusion and erosion controlled release Features : Chemically stable. Low moisture content than Gelatin capsule, Less brittle Fast dissolution Lower water vapor permeability than Gelatin capsule. (Gelatin>PEG-Gelatin>HPMC) High tolerance to temperature Chemical inactivity

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Some important comparative parameters between HPMC (Quali V) capsule and HCG are as follows (5,6):

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Brittleness test of capsules

Pressure resistant test

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b) hardness test in capsules

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Rate of water vapour permeability in various capsule shells

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Oesophageal sticking tendency of Gelatin and HPMC capsule (7): (European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 15 (2002) 479488)

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(7) QUALI-V

. The features of QUALI-V are summarized as following:

QUALI-V was developed by Shionogi Qualicaps. It is the first HPMC capsule developed for eventual use in pharmaceutical products.5

Low moisture content

Low water vapor permeability Less brittle even in low humidity Fast dissolution Low static electricity High tolerance to temperature Chemical inactivity and solubility at room temperature In these type of capsules powder, tablet, granules, pellets, liquids and semisolids are filled.
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Comparison with gelatin capsule:

Capsule material Moisture content Water vapour permeability Substrate for protease Maillard reaction with drug fill Deformation by heat Water dissolution at room temperature Static
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HPMC 2-5% Low No No > 80C Soluble Low No

Gelatine 13-15% moderate Yes Yes > 60C Insoluble High

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QUALI-V-I(8)
QUALI-V-I: A New Key for Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI) Superior physical performance a moisture content. Content could easily arises in the usage of DPI with capsules. Better cutting & puncturing performance. Excellent microbiological property. Higher weight specifications available if required.
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Comparison of dissolution profiles of Quali V and hard Gelatin capsules

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Drug filled in Hard gelatin capsule

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VCaps Plus

(4,6)

VCaps Plus (HPMC Shell 2), was developed by Capsugel and introduced in 2006. Rather than relying on a gelling agent, the new hypromellose capsule is made by a thermal gelling process using a hot-dip method. The process consists of dipping a pre-heated capsule forming pin into an HPMC water solution maintained at a temperature below the gel point temperature, withdrawing the pins and placing the pins in ovens at temperatures above the gelation temperature, and drying the film. HPMC gels on the surface of the heated pins and, as the pins are withdrawn, a HPMC film of a certain thickness is formed on the pins, and capsules are obtained after drying. Advantages: Better Physical and mechanical stability. Better disintegration and dissolution. 25-04-2012 11:26 CCPR,Wadhwan

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Pullulan is a neutral glucan (like Amylose, Dextran, Cellulose)

Water-soluble polysaccharide Derived by bacterial fermentation from corn. (Aureobasidium pullulans) odorless, tasteless, and completely biodegradable . Dried capsules are comparatively weak in physical strength Requires water to act as a film plasticizer, which may have a 11:26 negative effect on active ingredients. 25-04-2012 CCPR,Wadhwan

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Merit: Pullulan capsules are known for their high oxygen impermeability, this is particularly advantageous because this means Pullulan capsules are very essential in the encapsulation of product that is sensitive to oxidation. Demerit: Depending on biosynthesis and purification procedure, a pullulan product may contain hetero polysaccharides or acid polysaccharides as impurities.
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Plantcaps
Recently Capsugel Launched Plantcaps Capsules, a More Natural Alternative Pullulan Capsule. (March 9, 2012)
Plantcaps presents all the benefits of a gelatin capsule, but in a vegetarian form, high quality pullulan to offer robust performance with a wide range of ingredients. disintegration/dissolution profile equal to gelatin In addition, its shell can also help eliminate spotting concerns that occur when Vitamin C is encapsulated in gelatin. Pullulan offers the best oxygen barrier of all available plant-based products, Plantcaps can even help mask pungent tastes and odors from some ingredients such 25-04-2012 11:26 CCPR,Wadhwan 27 as garlic.

Made up of pullalan. Pullulan is very stable and well-characterized, and has achieved wide regulatory acceptance with its proven safety record. Its capsules are particularly useful for the filling of oxygen sensitive product such as fish & vegetable. Its generally use for those people who are diabetics and patients with restricted diets. It is 100% natural they are Vegetable origin, No chemical modification, Starch-free, Preservativefree, Gluten-free.
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PONDAC Capsule

(name)

Insoluble drugs can be dissolved in solvents such as macrogol 400, being filled in capsules. The bioavailability of insoluble drugs can be improved very much.

The oxygen permeability of PVA copolymer capsule is significantly low.

The gelatin capsule was developed in the 19th century. The HPMC capsule was developed in the 20th century. The PONDAC capsule is the hope for the 21st century
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Made from potato starch and represent a direct alternative to hard gelatin capsule. Manufactured by the injection moulding technique developed by Capsugel (Capill). Offers advantages like. pH independent dissolution Suitable for enteric coating Tamper evident Produced from non-animal derived ingredients
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Consists cap and body; which are sealed together at the time of filling to prevent separation. Sealing is achieved by applying a hydro alcoholic solution to inner section of the cap, immediately prior to its being placed on to the body. Different size capsules are manufactured ( number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) by changing the mold. Officially recognized in USP 23 and NF 18
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ENTERIC COATED STARCH CAPSULE(15)

Overcome coating problems encounter during coating of HGC. Coating of starch capsules appear to be less problematic because of the smooth seal, coupled with the higher bulk density of capsules, which provide for a more uniform coating bed.
Eg. TARGIT

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Scintigraphic images of a radiolabelled TARGIT capsule in a human following oral administration.

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Two-piece capsules made from cellulosic raw materials that satisfy vegetarian and cultural needs easy to swallow effectively mask taste and odor allow product visibility Vcaps capsules are also starch-free, gluten-free and preservative-free, and meet the strict dietary needs of customers that choose a vegetarian lifestyle.
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Reduce the brittleness of standard gelatin capsules when exposed to a low-moisture content thus making the capsules more compatible to hygroscopic formulations or moisture-sensitive ingredients
Less brittle Good for hygroscopic formulations Good for moisture-sensitive ingredients Odorless, tasteless Three-year shelf life Available in sizes from 00 to 4
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Gelatin/PEG Features

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The addition of PEG improves the mechanical strength of the capsule. At moisture contents between 8% - 12%, gelatin/PEG capsules have equivalent mechanical strength to standard gelatin capsules with moisture between 13% 16%.

Gelatin/PEG capsules are available in commercial pharmaceutical products

Cardiovascular (Tocopherol nicotinate) Vasodilators (Nifedipine) Antihypertensive (Captopril) Digestive Enzyme
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 OceanCapsTM is fish gelatin capsules It contain all-natural marine supplements

Its over 40% of supplement users in France, Germany and the UK

US consumers continue to move toward natural alternatives, and look for products like marine supplements in fish capsules Ideally suited for fish-eating vegetarians looking for fish capsules, and marine supplements such as fish oil, salmon liver oil, shark cartilage and glucosamine. Perfect for the supplement needs of fish-eating vegetarians, such as iron, zinc, calcium and vitamins B2 and B12 Certified origin from high quality, farmed fish
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Preservative-free, starch-free, gluten-free

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A unique dosage form consisting of a high-gloss gelatin coating that encases a caplet core.

Press-Fit gelcaps combine the best qualities of a gelatin capsule with the density of a tablet, creating an exciting new dosage form that can be custom engineered to meet specific product performance criteria.
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The elegant, geometric shape of Press-Fit gelcaps is distinct in the marketplace. The high gloss finish and extensive selection of color combinations provide additional opportunities for unique trade dress and enhanced consumer recognition. The outside gelatin shell is taste-free, Safe and effective utilization in oral dosage applications. Manufactured by exclusive cold- shrink process on a special filling and coating machine.

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Two-piece gelatin capsules that have been specially designed to be sealed for secure containment of liquids and semi-solids. In combination with a liquid fill, provides an attractive and viable dosage form, particularly for poorly soluble compounds. The use of hot melts is also viable with Licaps, as they may be filled at temperatures up to 70 C.

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 It is the registered trademark for the locking system used by Qualicaps. It ensures that the contents reach the consumer intact, and are protected at all times from external contamination

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To provide modified release

PORT CAPSULE TECHNOLOGY HYDROPHILIC SANDWICH (HS) CAPSULE L-OROS PULSINCAP CHEWABLE SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE ENCAPSULATING LIQUID FILL INNERCAP TECHNOLOGY GALACTICLES

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eg. Delayed Release Pseudoephedrine

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Simple and time delayed probe capsule

Based on a capsule within a capsule, in which the inter capsular space was filled with a layer of hydrophilic polymer (HPMC). This effectively created a Hydrophilic Sandwich between two gelatin capsule

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Hpmc layer swells

Outer layer get dissolved

GELATIN OUTER LAYER

HPMC LAYER

INNER LAYER Release of drug from swelled hpmc gels

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When the outer capsule dissolved, the sandwich of HPMC formed a gel barrier layer that provided a time delay before fluid could enter the inner capsule and cause drug release

The time delay was controlled by

Molecular weight of polymer Inclusion of a soluble filler eg. Lactose

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For Controlled Release of Non-Aqueous Liquid Formulations

L-OROS Hard cap L-OROS Soft cap Delayed liquid bolus delivery system consists of liquid drug, an osmotic engine or push layer and a semi permeable membrane coating

Enhanced bioavailability of class II drugs Uniform blood levels over specific period of time Reduced first pass effect Reduced dose Patient compliance Made of pharmaceutical acceptable excipient
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DELIVERY ORIFICE

LIQUID DRUG FORMULATION

BARRER LAYER

PUSH LAYER

SEMIPERMIABLE MEMBRANE
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Semi permeable membrane Sub coat Delay layer Liquid drug formulation Osmotic layer Delivery orifice
Delayed Liquid Bolus System 25-04-2012 11:26 CCPR,Wadhwan 52

Pulsincap is the pulsatile release of therapeutic agents like preprogrammed delivery of drug at a predetermined time or in pulses of known sequence or the production of system that responds to specific stimuli. First concept : separation of a plug form an insoluble capsule body. It comprised of a water permeable body prepared from a water-swellable hydrogel cross linked PEG polymer. A swelling agent mixed with the drug, was filled into the internal cavity of capsule body and a plug was used to seal the contents into the internal cavity.
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PLUG, CROSS LINKED HYDROGEL

DRUG FORMULATION

SWELLING AGENTS

PERMEABLE CROSS LINKED HYDROGEL

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Capsule body is made of gelatin coated with ethyl cellulose In the presence of fluid, the plug swelled at a controlled rate that was independent of the nature of pH of the medium.

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Here in this approach in place of hydrogel plug, simple erodible compressed tablet is placed.

This overcomes the need for the precise dimensional tolerance between capsule and plug for sliding mechanism of the plug.

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Capsule liquid and semisolid filled Technology

Advantages of liquid- and semisolid-filled hard gelatin capsules include: Improved bioavailability Improved content uniformity of low-dose active substances Reduced dust for handling potent compounds Process simplification for low-melting-point active substances Enhanced stability Sustained release
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Drug Characteristics and Liquid-filling Technologies

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Chewable Soft Gelatin Capsule(3,26)

(a) a soft gelatin shell which comprises:

A chewable, edible soft gelatin capsule which comprises:

about 20-45% gelatin; about 15-30% water; about 17.5-35% plasticizer; and about 5-25% hydrogenated starch hydrolysate; and wherein said shell encloses

(b) a soft gelatin capsule fill material. Chewable SGC require mixture of gelatin having different bloom values. Most preferable combination ration : 3:1 to 5:1 It contains ingredients like,
Low bloom gelatin Medium bloom gelatin Placticizers Water Moisture retaining agent Other

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Recent Technology in Capsule

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TM(27) DuoCap

DuoCapTM, is a single oral dosage unit that comprises a capsule-in-a-capsule and offers broad therapeutic applications The inner and outer capsules may contain the same active drug providing multiple release profiles from the dosage unit. e.g. an immediate release formulation from the outer capsule and a controlled release formulation from the inner capsule.
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The combination example consists of a high potency insoluble active in a lipid emulsion, sustained release tablet and a cocktail of two crystalline active materials. A combination of release profiles can be incorporated in the system.
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The combination dosage form consists of a primary

HPMC capsule containing an emulsion, pH coated tablet, crystalline filled HPMC capsule and a beadlet filled gelatin capsule.
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Opportunities offered by Multi Phase Multi-compartment Capsules

Multi -Phased Materials Incompatible Drugs in Single Dosage Capsule Shell Materials Multiple Release Profiles Single Therapies Multiple Therapies Ease of Scale-Up Less Excipient Increased Bioavailability Through Absorption Increased Stability

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ORBEXA TECHNOLOGY(29)
It produces beads that are of controlled size and density and suitable for formulation as controlled release multiparticulates - using granulation, spheronization and extrusion technique.

The resultant beads can be coated with functional polymer membrane for additional release rate control and may be filled into capsules
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Advantages of Orbexa Aqueous or solvent-based granulation. High-speed process is well suited for sensitive molecules like proteins. Suitable for high drug loading.
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SODAS Technology(30)

SODAS (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System) is particulate drug delivery system. SODAS Technology is based on the production of uniform spherical beads of 1-2mm in diameter containing drug plus excipients and coated with product specific controlled release polymers.
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CODAS TECHNOLOGY(31) Chronotherapeutic Oral Drug Absorption System(CODASTM Technology) was developed to achieve prolonged interval.
Delay is introduced by the level of release controlling polymer applied to the drug loaded beads. The release controlling polymer is a combination of water soluble and water insoluble polymers.
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 As water from the GIT contacts the polymer coat beads, the water soluble polymer slowly dissolves and the drug diffuses through the resulting pores in the coating. The water insoluble polymer continues to act as a barrier, maintaining the controlled release of the drug.

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5. PRODAS TECHNOLOGY(32)
which is unique in that it combines the benefits of tabletting technology within a capsule. It can be used to pre-program the release rate of a drug.

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 PRODAS technology, by incorporating minitablets with different release rates, can display the characteristics of a number of different conventional dosage forms: delayed release component for site/regional release and/or food resistance sustained release component for additional controlled release/profile extension

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Banners VersetrolTM Technology(33)

Novel innovative Technology that provides time controlled release for wide range of drug. Drug is incorporated in lipophilic or hydrophilic matrix and that is than incorporated in soft gelatin capsule shell.

Technology is versatile because depending on physicochemical property of drug either emulsion/suspension can be developed.
For lipophilic drugs suspension formulation is preferred while for hydrophilic drugs emulsion form is utilized. By applying combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic matrices desire release profile can be achieved.
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Bijel Capsules: Co-release Microgel

New generic route to gel capsule formulation, involving particles suspended in fluid-bicontinuous mixture of two solvents.
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 The bijel capsules are made of two fluids and hence they are both a gel and an emulsion. The water and oil domains inside the capsules can be used to deliver chemically different active ingredients. The capsules can be designed to release or mix the active ingredients in response to a specific external stimulus.
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Galacticles(34)
Oral Lipid Matrix in Liquid-Filled Softgel Capsules: A Novel Drug Delivery System for Improved Oral Bioavailability The Galacticles Lipid Matrix consists of a mixture of galactolecithin and one or more other lipids, for example, mono-, di-, and/or tri-glycerides

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Potential for Improved Drug Absorption improve oral bioavailability for hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs with low solubility. Potential for Reduced Degradation in the GI Tract reduce degradation as well as improve absorption may be especially useful for drugs, for which both low solubility and degradation in the GI tract contribute to a low oral bioavailability 25-04-2012 11:26 CCPR,Wadhwan

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Tolerability & Taste It is less prone to cause irritation The favorable taste of Galacticles formulations compared to corresponding formulations with phospholipids and synthetic surfactants.

Safety The components of Galacticles are natural dietary lipid components found in processed and natural foods. Preliminary safety studies indicate no toxic effects of oral administration

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1st Generation
Structure

2nd Generation

3rd Generation

4th Generation

5th Generation

2 layers capsules Development of encapsulator Reduction of shell ratio

3 layers capsules

3 layers capsules

4 layers capsules Encapsulate Development of Concept hydrophilic acid resistance Incubation and Control of release substances Mass shell Application to cultivation in production ethical drugs capsule Deepen DDS Improve stability Mixture with DDS Semipermeable Functional Development of content products Improvement of membrane of function Development of 4 Encapsulate liquid Burst impact compliance Biotechnology layers capsules Solution in mouth Freezing + Acid resistance Semipermeable Shell Solubility resistance Solution in stomach Function Control of release membrane Heat resistance Control of release Hydrophilic flavor Hydrophilic Lactobacillus Flavor Content Fruit juice substance Functional oil Yeast Functional oil exstract Bifidus powder DNA. cell Food Food Food Quasi-drug Food Biotechnology area Category Quasi-drug Quasi-drug Cosmetics Drug Cosmetics Cosmetics Drug Chewing gum Crystal Dew Bifina Health food Twin clean Application Capsule JINTAN Constipation OTC Biotechnology Tooth Plum Freshener 25-04-2012 11:26 paste CCPR,Wadhwan 79 Ice cream Solmiran Instant noodle

Development of Biocapsule

SOME MARKETED PREPARATIONS

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Research article

Modulation of active pharmaceutical material release from a novel tablet in capsule system containing an effervescent blend
Mukesh C. Gohel*, Manhapra Sumitra G.

Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India
Journal of Controlled Release 79 (2002) 157164

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In this study, an attempt was made to develop and evaluate a formulation analogous to the Pulsincap TM system consisting of an impermeable capsule body and a swellable / erodible plug. The effect of various parameters such as type of plug materials, plug weight and capsule content were investigated in order to characterize the lag time and the drug release profiles. Diltiazem HCl was chosen as a model active pharmaceutical material.

The objective of this study was to develop a dosage form which releases the drug with a lag time of 4 h and a fast drug release thereafter. The lag time is defined as the time until 10% of drug has been released.
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Table 1 Composition of various batches using powder plugs

Batch Weight of HPMC K15M (mg) A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4
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Weight of effervescent blend (NaHCO

3

Weight of DCP (mg) 135 185 200 215 230 195 145 120 95
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:citric acid, 1:1) (mg) 0 50 75 100

150 100 85 70 55 90 90 90 90
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Table 2

Composition of various batches using tablet plugs

Batch Composition of plug Weight of plug C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3 E4 F1 F2 F3
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Amount of effervescent blend (NaHCO 3 :citric acid, 1:1)

(mg) 35 50 35 50
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HPMC K15M HPMC K15M HPMC 20 cPs HPMC 20 cPs HPMC K15M, 10% w / w NaCl HPMC K15M, 20% w / w NaCl HPMC K15M, 30% w / w NaCl HPMC K15M:lactose, 1:1 HPMC K15M:lactose, 1:2 HPMC 20 cPs:lactose, 1:2 HPMC 20 cPs:lactose, 1:2 HPMC K15M HPMC K15M HPMC K15M HPMC K15M
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(mg) 150 200 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 150 150

Results and discussion

1.

Powder plugs

With a plug (HPMC K15M) weight of 150 mg (Batch A1), less than 10% of the drug was released in 4 h. Though the lag time criterion was satisfied, the release of the drug there after was in a delayed fashion (less than 20% in 8 h).

1.1.

Effect of plug weight

Less than 10% of the drug was released in 4 h from formula tions containing 100 mg (Batch A2) and 85 mg (Batch A3) HPMC K15M. The drug release was gradual after 4 h. The drug release was found to be inversely proportional to the weight of the plug. A linear relationship was observed between weight of the plug and log percentage drug release in 4 h Lag time criterion was not satisfied by the capsules containing 70 (Batch A4) and 55 mg (Batch A5) HPMC K15M, respectively.
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1.2.

Effect of effervescent base

In the case of the formulation containing 75 mg (Batch B3) of the effervescent blend, the drug release could be controlled to nearly 10% in the initial 4 h followed by almost total drug release in the next 4 h The formulation containing 100 mg (Batch B3) of effervescent base showed almost total drug release in 5 h but with a lag time of 3 h. This formulation failed to meet the selection criterion of less than 10% drug release in 4 h (24% drug release was observed from the batch). Based on this study, it may be concluded that the formulation containing 75 mg of effervescent blend is a good candidate for obtaining pulsatile drug release.
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2. Tablet plug
After a lag time (4 h), the drug was released in an extended fashion and not in a pulsatile fashion (Batches C1C4)

2.1.

Effect of addition of electrolytes

An attempt was made to incorporate NaCl as an electrolyte into the HPMC K15M plug to reduce its swelling so that the plug would be easily ejected. The expected change in drug release was also not noticed. The % drug release was 22, 23, 26 and 29% after 8 h from capsules containing 0, 10 (Batch D1), 20 (Batch D2) and 30% (Batch D3) NaCl, respectively.

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2.3.

Effect of effervescent base

Formulations containing 35 (Batch F1) and 50 mg (Batch F2) of the effervescent base and having a plug weight of 200 mg passed the set criteria of lag time as well as fraction of drug released within the lag time. These formulations also showed a burst release of the drug after the lag time. However, the formulation containing 35 mg of effervescent base was considered as the best candidate for obtaining the required pulsatile drug release as this formulation best matched the fixed criteria
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Conclusion
A tablet-in-capsule pulsatile drug delivery system containing a water soluble drug, diltiazem HCl, for oral use was developed using a plug of HPMC in a water insoluble capsule body. The formulation factors affecting the drug release pattern were investigated. The lag time and the drug release rate thereafter can be modulated by making changes in the formulation of plug and the fill material. Immediate drug release, after a lag time of 4 h, can be obtained if the plug is pushed off by the CO 2 gas generated by interaction of NaHCO 3 and citric acid. On the other hand, slow drug release was observed from the swollen unejected plug. The use of effervescent blend has not been explored by researchers for obtaining pulsatile drug release in the earlier studies. It is concluded that programmed drug delivery can be obtained by systemic formulation approach.

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1. Short note on Non animal capsules shells (Remedial dec10) 2. Enlist vegetable capsule. Explain significance of pullulan capsule (Dec-2011) 3. Enlist recent innovation in advances in capsules. Describe any one in detail. (July-2010) 4. Write a note on Pulsincape Technology. (Dec-2011) 5. Discuss in detail the recent innovations in capsule tech. (June/july11)
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1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

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Thank you.

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