Emotions

BY Muneer and Jawad

4/25/12

AFFECT A broad range of feelings that people experience. Affect can be experienced in the form of emotions or moods. Feelings associated with motivation Positive things are going well, keep doing what you are doing Negative something wrong, change behavior Related with goals Positive succeeding toward/accomplishing goals Negative something is interfering/blocking goals

AFFECT

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Emotions
EMOTIONS Intense feelings directed toward someone or something Caused by a specific event Very brief in duration (seconds or minutes) Usually very specificanger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, etc. Usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions (visual cues) Action-oriented (plan to do something) Remember , Emotions cannot be neutral.
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Moods
MOODS Less intense feelings that lack a specific cause Cause is often general and unclear Last longer than emotions (hours or days) More general (either positive affect or negative affect) Generally not indicated by distinct expressions Cognitive in nature (thinking or brooding)

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Affect, Emotions and Moods

Affect
A broad range of emotions that people experience

Emotions Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something

Moods Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a specific cause

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Basic Emotions

There appear to be six basic emotions: 1. Anger 2. Fear 3. Happiness 4. Surprise 5. Sadness 6. Disgust All other emotions are subsumed under these six May even be placed in a spectrum of emotion: Happiness surprise fear sadness anger disgust

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BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF EMOTIONS

Emotions originate in the brains limbic system, which is different for each person LIMBIC SYSTEM when active, you see things in a negative light Inactive limbic system = experience positive emotions (happiness, joy) Active limbic system = negative emotions dominate (anger, guilt)

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Sources of Emotions and Moods

Personality is a key component and will definitely impact the intensity of the emotions we feel DO YOU LET YOUR FEELINGS SHOW? -- EXTRAVERTS HIDE Your EMOTIONS -- INTROVERTS

Personality

There is a common pattern for all of us NEGATIVE MOODS HIGHEST ON SUNDAYS & MONDAYS (BEGINNING OF THE WEEK) POSITIVE MOODS -- HIGHEST AT THE END OF THE WEEK (THURSDAY SATURDAY

Day and Time of the Week

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Weather Weather is thought to have an impact on our emotions, but there is no proven effect. DO WE HAVE MORE POSITIVE MOODS ON BRIGHT, SUNNY DAYS THAN RAINY ONES? CONTRARY TO POPULAR BELIEF - MOOD AND THE WEATHER ARE NOT RELATED

Stress Even low levels of constant stress can worsen moods

Stressful daily events negatively affect employees moods. Constant, prolonged exposure to stress leads to depression and negative feelings.

Social Activities Physical, informal, and dining activities increase positive moods

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Sleep

Poor sleep quality increases negative affect SLEEP QUALITY AFFECTS MOOD (75% not getting enough sleep) SLEEP-DEPRIVED WORKERS greater feelings of fatigue, anger, and hostilityimpaired decision-making & alertness

Exercise Does somewhat improve mood, especially for depressed people Age

YOUNG PEOPLE DO NOT EXPERIENCE MORE POSITIVE MOODS THAN OLDER PEOPLE NEGATIVE EMOTIONS SEEM TO OCCUR LESS AS PEOPLE GET OLDER Emotional Experience tends to improve with age as we age, we feel fewer negative emotions.

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Gender and Emotions

CONTRASTED WITH MEN, WOMEN ARE MORE IN TOUCH WITH THEIR FEELINGS SHOW GREATER EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION EXPERIENCE EMOTIONS MORE INTENSELY MORE LIKELY TO DISPLAY POSITIVE & NEGATIVE EMOTIONS (except anger) ARE BETTER AT READING NONVERBAL CUES CAUSES OF THIS? THE DIFFERENT WAYS MEN AND WOMEN HAVE BEEN SOCIALIZED IN SOCIETY MEN EXPECTED TO BE TOUGH, BRAVE, DONT CRY, ETC. WOMEN EXPECTED TO BE NURTURING, WARM, AND FRIENDLY (Smile) WOMEN JUST HAVE A BETTER ABILITY TO READ OTHERS & PRESENT THEIR EMOTIONS THAN MEN WOMEN MAY HAVE A GREATER NEED FOR SOCIAL APPROVAL & A HIGHER PROPENSITY TO DISPLAY POSITIVE EMOTIONS, SUCH AS HAPPINESS.

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External Constraints on Emotions

Organizational Influences

Cultural Influences

Individual Emotions

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Organizational Influences
Most organizations strive to be emotion-free * Emotional Labor

A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Emotional dissonanceis when an employee has to project one emotion while feeling another one

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Felt vs. Displayed Emotions

Felt: the individuals actual emotions Displayed: required or appropriate emotions

Surface Acting: displaying appropriately but not feeling those emotions internally Deep Acting: changing internal feelings to match display rules - very stressful

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CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Cultures vary in: Degree to which people experience emotions Interpretation of emotions Norms for the expression of emotions For Example

For Americans smiling is a sign of friendliness viewed positively Muslims - smiling is a sign of physical attractionso women dont smile at men Japanese - smiling indicates a lack of intelligence (an ignorant airhead!) French make no effort to hide their personal feelings about customers

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Continued.

Some questions that need to be answered are: Do people experience emotions equally? No. Culture can determine type, frequency, and depth of experienced emotions Do people interpret emotions the same way? Yes. Negative emotions are seen as undesirable and positive emotions are desirable However, value of each emotion varies across cultures Do norms of emotional expression vary? Yes. Some cultures have a bias against emotional expression; others demand some display of emotion How the emotions are expressed may make Interpretation outside of ones culture difficult

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Emotional Intelligence
Ones ability to detect and manage emotional cues and information
FIVE DIMENSIONS Self-awareness Being aware of what youre feeling Self-management The ability to manage your own emotions and impulses Self-motivation The ability to persist in the face of setbacks and failures Empathy The ability to sense how others are feeling Social Skills The ability to handle the emotions of others

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PROS & CONS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS
INTUITIVE APPEAL - being street smart and socially intelligent makes sense IT PREDICTS JOB PERFORMANCE - correlations found are significant ITS BIOLOGICALLY BASED - its neurological and affects decision-making

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Continued
CAUTIONS
ITS TOO VAGUE/TOO BROAD - no one is sure what this concept is - is it intelligence? self-discipline? empathy? or self-awareness? IT ISNT MEASURED CONSISTENTLY - we havent used good methodology IS IT VALID? - its so closely related to personality and intelligence - when you control for these factors, there isnt anything left thats unique

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HOW MANAGERS MIGHT USE EMOTIONS AND MOODS

Selection EI should be a hiring factor, especially for social jobs. Decision Making Positive emotions can lead to better decisions. Creativity Positive mood increases flexibility, openness, and creativity. Motivation Positive mood affects expectations of success; feedback amplifies this effect. Leadership Emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders.

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Negotiation Emotions, skillfully displayed, can affect negotiations Customer Services Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships Job Attitudes Can carry over to home, but dissipate overnight Deviant Workplace Behaviors Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization) Managers Influence Leaders who are in a good mood, use humor, and praise employees increase positive moods in the workplace.

Continued.

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Implications for Managers

Understand the role of emotions and moods to explain and predict behavior Emotions and moods can increase motivation Emotional labor recognizes that certain feelings can be part of a jobs requirements Intense emotions can interfere with performance of complex jobs

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