Chapter one

A View of Life

Bristlecone Pine

Biology =
The study of living organisms

Many Branches..
Botony = study of plants

Zoology = study of animals

Ecology = study of organisms interactions with environment & each other

Biochemistry = study of chemical reactions in living things Anatomy = study of body structure

Physiology = study of body function

1665 Robert Hooke observed cork - cell

1668 Francesco Redi -disproved spontaneous generation

1673 = Van Leeuwenhoek

Microscope

1865 Louis Pasteur

infections - bacteria early vaccines

the germs of microscopic organisms abound in the surface of all objects, in the air and in water."

1929 Alexander Fleming Penicillin

1953 Watson & Crick

molecular structure of DNA

1997 Ian Wilmut clones first adult mammal

Life?

SEEDS?

FIRE?

5 Characteristics of Life
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Organization Acquisition of Materials & Energy Response Reproduction & Development Adaptation

1. Organization
Levels of Organization Each level more complex Properties beyond preceding

The Levels of Organization:

Organism Organ System Organ Tissue CELL Molecule Atom

Life Begins HERE!!!

Organism
A single individual Largest organism may be a fungus- 38 acres Humungous Fungus

Organ System
Different organs working together to perform a life process. Example: respiration digestion

Organ
Tissues functioning together for specific task

Tissue
Group of cells with a common structure & function

Cell
Basic Unit of Life carry out independent life functions

Comprised of nonliving

Molecule
Smallest unit of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.. has 2 or more atoms

Atom
Smallest unit of a molecule

NOTE: single individual could be:

cell = bacteria tissue = tape worm organ system = human

Emergent Properties
the sum is more than its parts

Characteristics of Life 2. Acquisition of Materials & Energy

Materials = FOOD .
Provides nutrients (molecules used in metabolism)
Provides Energy (capacity to do work)

Some produce their own food:

AUTOTROPHS Photosynthesize Solar energy + CO2 food

Auto = self, same Troph = nurture, feed

Energy is Required for:

METABOLISM = all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

Energy is Required for:

HOMEOSTASIS =

The maintenance of internal conditions within certain limitations

example:

human blood pH = 7.35-7.45 human body temperature

Homeostasis
Internal control mechanisms

Behavior

Characteristics of Life
Organization Acquisition of Materials & Energy Response

Response: To stimuli (temp or light) Results = movement, behavior & learning Helps organisms to survive

Characteristics of Life

Organization Acquisition of Materials & Energy Response Reproduction & Development ability to make another organism like itself

Bacteria & Protozoa: simply split in two Binary Fission

 Multicellular organisms often unite sperm & egg result = immature individual

Instructions for development encoded in

GENES
(made of DNA)

Genes passed from generation to generation in CHROMOSOMES

Characteristics of Life
Organization Acquisition of Materials & Energy Response Reproduction & Development

Adaptation modification that makes an organism better suited

Adaptation of populations takes place by process of

Natural Selection

Natural Selection occurs because..

Adapted individuals:
1. are more likely to produce surviving offspring 2. which also possess the same beneficial characteristics.

Natural Selection is sometimes called...

Descent with Modification

These adaptations (modifications) lead to:

Diversity

All living things are Diverse.

But all living things are unified:
1. basic organizational unit = cell 2. common genetic blueprint = DNA 3. common environment = earth

Other levels of Biological Organization... Beyond the Individual

Individual.. Population: individuals of same species in a given area. Community: all the populations in a particular area. Ecosystem: the living community along with nonliving Biosphere: anywhere on earth where living things exist.

Biotic =

ALL the living things organisms, vegetation microscopic life, etc

water, sunlight, air, minerals,

Abiotic = ALL the non living

Ecosystems:
Tropical Rain Forests Deserts Tundra Grasslands Aquatic Etc.

Ecosystems perform a vital function

1. Energy flows through ecosystems (eventually lost as heat) 2. Nutrients cycle within an ecosystem (are recycled)

Each ecosystem has:

1. unique mix 2. organisms play similar roles
Producers Consumers

Marine Forest

Plankton Plants

Fish Herbivores

Living Things are Classified

Classification = grouping things based on some similarities. Taxonomy = branch of Biology deals with identifying and classifying living organisms according to certain rules. Taxo = put in order rule nomy = law or

Classification
Carl Linnaeus = Father of Taxonomy

Phylogeny =
the study of geneological relationships of organisms. How related are they genetically

8 Levels of Classification
Domain - most inclusive Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species most exclusive

8 Levels of Classification
Domain All living things are divided into 3 domains: Archaea unicellular (bacteria) that can survive in harsh environments. Bacteria true bacteria contains most bacteria Eukarya unicellular/multicellular

1.

2.
3.

Levels of Classification

Domain Archaea

Domain Bacteria

Domain Eucarya

3 Kingdoms

Many Kingdoms

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Domain Eucarya

Kingdom Protista
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Class Ordet Family Genus Species

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Hierarchical System of Classification

Domain Eucarya

Kingdom Protista

Protozoans & Algae

Domain Eucarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Mushrooms & Mold

Domain Eucarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Domain Eucarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Classification of Humans
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species = = = = = = = = Eucarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Sapiens

Living Things have Scientific Names

Binomial Nomenclature

Rules - Binomial Nomenclature

1. 2 part name:
1st word = genus 2nd word = species

2. 3. 4. 5.

1st letter 1st word uppercase 1st letter 2nd word lower case Both words underlined or italicized latinized

Goal of science = understand the

natural world
through observations and testing

Science
1. Is objective
2. Events can be explained by natural causes 3. Material universe observable & can be collaborated 4. no moral or ethical decisions 5. Not mythical, philosophical or theological

Scientific Method sets apart natural sciences from fields based on opinion, faith, & tradition
(sociology, psychology, religion, history, etc.)

Scientific Method
Step by Step approach for gathering info: 1. Identify Problem or Question 2. Form a Hypothesis (educated guess) 3. Experimentation and Observation (test the hypothesis/results in data) 4. Conclusion (is hypothesis supported or not?)

2 Variables:
Independent what is manipulated by the scientist (experimental) Dependent result or change due to the independent variable (responding)

Control Group: does not

experience the Independent Variable

Scientific Method

Results must be able to be reproduced by other scientists.

Scientific Theory =
Concept supported by broad range of observations, experiments & data.

Unifying Theories of Biology

Cell Theory: all organisms are made of cells Biogenesis: life comes from life. Evolution: living organisms share a common ancestor & are adapted to a particular way of life. Gene: organisms contain coded info that determines their form, function, and to some degree, behavior.