THE LOW Ti - Fe OXIDE FLUORAPATITE DEPOSITS - CASE STUDY: NEW YORK

MAGNETITE - FLUORAPATITE (KIRUNA)-TYPE DEPOSITS

LOW-Ti MAGNETITE-FLUORAPATITE GEOLOGICAL SETTING: - RIFTED CONTINENTAL MARGINS (BACK ARCS) - INTRACONTINENTAL RIFTS (ANOROGENIC) - WITHIN A SUBAERIAL TO SHALLOW MARINE ENVIRONMENT - ACCOMPANIED BY VOLCANO-PLUTONIC ACTIVITY - LARGE SCALE FLUID OVERPRINT EXPRESSED BY SODIC ALTERATION

ORIGIN:
-LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY (Frietsch 1978; Nystrom & Henriquez 1994; Naslund et al. 2000); - EXHALATIVE-SYNSEDIMENTARY (Parak 1975) -HYDROTHERMAL (Hildebrand 1986; Bookstrom 1977; Gleason et al. 2000; Sillitoe & Burrows 2002)

END-MEMBER OF THE HYDROTHERMAL IRON OXIDECOPPER-GOLD (IOCG) CLAN (Hitzman et al. 1992; Hitzman 2000).

Bafq deposit, Iran

Daliran, 2010

http://www.scielo.cl

Bedded hematite ash and lappilli. This deposit is composed of loose, Credit: Dr. R. Naslund uncemented, material that can be dug out by hand. El Laco sur

Magnetite spindle bombs collected in situ from loose, bedded hematite ash. Some of the spindle bombs had well developed bomb sags beneath them and bedded ash drapped over their tops Credit: Dr. R. Naslund

Bedded hematite ash with in situ magnetite spindle bombs. El Laco sur Credit: Dr. R. Naslund

TAROM deposit, Iran

KIRUNA

http://www.qedata.se

Extent (orange regions) of the Grenville orogeny, after Tollo et al (2004) and Darabi (2004).

Timeline of the Grenville orogeny, after Rivers (2002)

McLelland & Selleck, 2011

THREE HOLES MINE, PORT HENRY

RUTGERS MINE, AUSABLE FORKS

ICE CAVE MINE, PORT HENRY

BARTON HILL MINE, MINEVILLE

Fluorapatite 1852

REE in fluorapatite 1940

Williams Strategic Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. Minerals: 1983 1986

Rhodia, Inc

100000

10000

Mineville Mineville

1000

Mineville Kiruna

100

Durango Mishdovan Chahgaz

10

Avnik (massive) Avnik(stock)

1 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

La2O3: 1.24 1.35 wt.%

Y: 10112 ppm

Nd: 10112 ppm Tb: 254 ppm

Sm: 1755 ppm

Yb: 857 ppm

Ce2O3: 2.66 2.84 wt.% La: 8990 ppm Pr: 2255 ppm

Nd2O3: 1.21 1.34 wt.% Ce: 17804 ppm Eu: 174 ppm Y2O3: 1.40 1.99 wt.% Gd: 1825 ppm

Dy: 1566 ppm Lu: 109 ppm Er: 1016 ppm Tm: 151 ppm

Charge compensation mechanism: (REE + Y)3+ + Si4- = Ca2+ + P3Fluorapatite Ca (PO ) (F,OH) 5 44
1.8 1.6 1.4 R2 = 0.9354 y = -0.7152x + 11.043

S.S.

Britholite-(Ce,Y) (Ce,Y,Ca) (SiO ,PO ) (OH,F) 5 4 43

Si + (REE + Y)

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 13 13.5 14 Ca + P 14.5 15 15.5

Additional coupled substitutions: (REE + Y)3+ + Na+ = 2Ca2+ 2(REE + Y)3+ + vacancy = 3Ca2+

-large, wetting-like, mantle-like crystals - no evidence of zoning - one large crystal yielded 392 ppm Zr

- 789 C (P = 0.75 GPa) assuming coexistence with rutile and quartz -760 C (P = 0.5 GPa) (Hayden et al. 2008)

- weakly molted appearance -zoned with respect to BSE - zones not resolvable for probes analysis of Ti - 10.1 6.3 ppm Ti 736 + 48/- 92 C (Watson et al. 2006)

ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY
(LA-MC-ICPMS)

0.182

data-point error ellipses are 68.3% conf.

1060 0.178

0.174 1020

Pb/

238

0.170

0.166 980 0.162

Intercepts at 25050 & 102213 [14] Ma MSWD = 0.25 forced intercept

206

0.158

940

0.154

0.150 1.45

1.55

1.65
207

1.75

1.85

Pb/235U

Old Bed, Mineville, Essex County

Barton Hill mines, Mineville, Essex County

0.20 0.19

data-point error ellipses are 68.3% conf.

1100
238

U
206

Pb/

0.18

0.17

1000
Concordia Age = 1039 11 Ma (2s, decay-const. errs included) MSWD (of concordance) = 0.13, Probability (of concordance) =

0.16

0.15 1.4 1.6

207

Pb/235U

1.8

2.0

2.2

data-point error ellipses are 68.3% conf.

0.172

Barton Hill
980

1020

0.168

0.164
238

U Pb/
0.160 940 0.156
206

0.152

900

0.148

Concordia Age = 949 10 Ma (2s, decay-const. errs included) MSWD (of concordance) = 1.5, Probability (of concordance) =

0.144 1.2 1.4

207

Pb/235U

1.6

1.8

Distribution of the iron deposits in the Hudson Highlands

Location: roughly 60 km north of New York City Map courtesy of Janet Manchester, N.Y. State Museum

The intrusive contact is knife-sharp; the amphiboledominant rock seems to have formed from an iron-rich ultramafic melt

Hogencamp mine

A cumulate of Grt xenocrysts

Contact with syenite, Dater mine

An interesting discovery

An unusual composition
A new species of calcic amphibole, fluoropotassichastingsite, from the Greenwood iron mine Ideally, KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si6Al2O22F2 Empirically, A(K0.59Na0.25)0.84 B(Ca 1.87Na0.13)2.00 C(Fe2+ Mg1.56Fe3+0.53Al0.26Mn0.03Ti0.01)4.99 2.60 T(Si 6.36Al1.64)8.00 022.68 O3[F 1.11(OH)0.73Cl0.16]2.00 Mg# = [100 Mg / (Mg + Fetotal + Mn] = 33

The association
Fluoro-potassichastingsite in crystals up to 1 cm across, associated with Mgt, Cpx, Opx, Po, Cp, Phl; the assemblage is not deformed Magnetite mineralization exploited during the Civil War (18611865), last worked in 1880 Host rocks: gneiss, amphibolite, marble, peak metamorphism 1010 1160 Ma (Grenville) Part of the Reading Prong, uplifted Grenvilleage basement

The holotype specimen of fluoro-potassichastingsite

The Greenwood mine today

Tremolite

Pargasite (VIAl>Fe3+)

1 0.9

Cl>0.5 apfu F>0.5 apfu Cl>0.25 apfu F>0.25 apfu (Cl+F)>0.5 apfu OH-dominant

Edenite Actinolite

Magnesiohastingsite
(VIAl<Fe3+)

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

Mg/(Mg+ Fe)

Ferro actinolite

0.4
Ferro - edenite Ferro-pargasite
(VIAl>Fe3+)

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5.5

Hastingsite
(VIAl<Fe3+)

7.5

6.5

Si apfu

Variability in F:Cl ratio in similar amphiboles in the nearby Dater and ONeil mines
A similar amphibole-dominant rock is prominent at each mine

The composition of the coarsegrained amphibole is iron-dominant, with a Mg# of 35 or so, and it coexists with magnetite pyrrhotite chalcopyrite
Its F:Cl ratio is very variable from one mine to the other

What do the textures indicate?

In the holotype specimen, the amphibole forms a compact mass of subhedral crystals associated with Mgt, Cpx, Opx Some blotchiness may occur, but no evidence of a replacement relationship Some coarse euhedral crystals may be found set in a carbonate matrix In cases, the amphibole itself seems to have been a melt phase, as it is a matrix for cumulus pyroxene, and at some mines, olivine Evidence of net-textured Po + Cp + Mgt

Our amphibole as representative of an iron-rich ultrabasic melt?

ONeil mine

HUDSONITE was proposed in 1885 by Prof. G.H. Williams!

The American Naturalist 19(10), October 1885, pages 991-994.

Summary of key observations

Evidence of an ultramafic magma Efficient settling of cumulus phases (e.g., Mgt) and xenocrysts (Grt) from assimilated gneiss Evidence of assimilation of marble and metaevaporite horizons to account for high Cl, primary carbonate Evidence of a syenitic melt Evidence of a carbonate melt Evidence of a sulfide oxide melt Evolved derivative of a ferropicritic melt of ultimate asthenospheric origin?

The juxtaposition of such multiple partial melts

Has been found in other granulite terranes after the cessation of contractional forces, e.g., in the Oaxacan terrane in southern Mexico (also of Grenville age) These coexisting partial melts can be expected to contain isotopic evidence a mixture of crust and mantle components

McLelland et al. (2010)