Assoc.Prof. Dr.

Sermin Tetik International Cyprus University Faculty of Pharmacy

1

Preface

The chemistry is essential to a true understanding of fields that range from cell biology to medicine.

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

Today, most people in the industrialized nations have a higher standart of living than the human race has ever known; more nutritious food, better health, greater wealth. Much of this property is due to chemistry

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

Today, most people in the industrialized nations have a higher standart of living than the human race has ever known; more nutritious food, better health, greater wealth. Much of this property is due to chemistry

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

Chemistry enables us to design all sorts of materials; drugs to fight disease, pesticides to protect our health and crops; fertilizers to grow abundant food; fuel for transportation; building materials for affordable housing; plastics to package food; sport equipment to enrich our leisure time; and much more..

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

Chemistry plays a vital role in our understanding and treatment of diseases such as cancer and AIDS. In fact, the theories of chemistry illuminate our understanding of the material world from thiny atoms to giand galaxies. Chemistry is a study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and of changes that occur in matter.

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

What is matter? It is the stuff things are made of. Wood, sand, people, water and air are all examples of matter. Heat and light are not matter; they are forms of energy.

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

A central concern of chemists is tiny, microscopic building blocks of matter known as atoms and molecules. Atoms are smallest distinctive units in a sample of matter, and Molecules are larger units in which two or more atoms are joined together.

Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

Composition refers to type of atoms and their relative proportions in a sample of matter. For example; at the microscopic level we might describe a molecule of water as consisting of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.

Properties

A Physical property is a characteristic displayed by a sample of matter as it undergoes a change in composition. When ethyl alcohol is identified by its odor, there is no change in its composition. Another way to distinguish between ethyl alcohol and water is that ethyl alcohol burns and water does not. But when ethyl alcohol burns, it is converted to carbon dioxide gas and water.

Properties

When ice melts, solid water is changed to liquid water. The water undergoes rather profound change at the macroscopic levelwhat we see-but not at the microscopic level. Water molecules have two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom in both solid and liquid water.

Properties

In a physical change, a sample of matter, usually undergoes some noticable change at the macroscopic level, but no change at the microscopic level-no change in composition.

Properties

A chemical property is a characteristic displayed by a sample of matter as it undergoes a change in composition. Consider the composition of the carbon dioxide molecules and water, which result from burning ethyl alcohol.

13

Properties
..Carbon dioxide molecules have two oxygen atoms to one carbon atom and ..Ethyl alcohol molecules have six hydrogen atoms to two carbon atoms to one oxygen atom. Thus, we conclude that flammability, and ability to burn, is a chemical property.

Properties

By contrast, in a chemical change, also called a chemical reaction, a sample of matter undergoes a change in composition and/or the structure of its molecules. The cooking of foods are common examples of chemical changes.

Classifying Matter

A type of matter that has a definite, or fixed, composition that does not vary from one sample to another is called a substance. All substance are either elements or compounds. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other simpler substances by chemical reactions. Viewed at the microscopic level, an element is made up of atoms of only a single type. At the present, 112 elements are known.

Classifying Matter

A compound is a substance made up of atoms of two or more elements, with the different kinds of atoms combined in fixed proportions. In the compound water, the fundamental units are molecules having two hydrogen atoms joined to an oxygen atom. Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances elements- by chemical reactions. The possible number of compounds is essentialy limitless.

Classifying Matter

Compounds are designated by combinations of chemical symbols called chemical formulas. Most symbols are based on English names; a few are based on the atom name of the element or one of its compounds. The first letter of a symbol is capitalized and the second letter is always lower case. For example, Co is the symbol for the element cobalt; CO represents the poisonous compound carbon monoxide.

Classifying Matter

In the sheme for classifying matter we see two broad categories of matter; Substance and mixtures. A mixure has no fixed composition, its composition may vary over a broad range. Ordinary table salt and water form a mixure, and we can vary the proportions of salt and water from sample to sample.

Classifying Matter

A mixure that has the same composition and properties throughout is called a homogenous mixture, or a solution. A given solution at salt in water, sometimes called a saline solution. In contrast, a heterogenous mixture varies in composition or/and properties from one part of the mixure to another.

Classifying Matter

Both homogenous and heterogenous mixtures can be seperated into their individual components by physical changes-chemical reactions are not required. The dissolved salt can be obtained from a saline solution by allowing the water to evaporate away. Sand can be recovered from a sand-water mixure by passing the mixure through filter paper similar to that used in coffee makers. The water passes through paper, and the sand is held back.

Scientific Methods

Chemist or other scientist use certain terms to describe the way in which they conduct their studies. I will briefly consider some of these terms.

Scientific Methods

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction concerning some phenomenon. Scientists test a hypotesis through a carrefully controlled procedure called an experiment. The facts obtained through careful observation and measurements made during experiments called scientific data.

Scientific Methods

Examples of scientific data are the melting point of iron (1535oC) and the speed of light (2.99792458X108 meters per second). Further experiments may refine these data to some degree but the basic facts can be verified by other scientist in similar experiments; the data are reproducible.

Scientific Methods

Scientists try to identify patterns in large collections of data and to summarize the patterns in the brief statements called scientific laws. May of these laws can be stated mathematically.

Scientific Methods

The ultimate goal of scientists is to formulate theories. A scientific theory provides explanations of observed natural phenomena and predictions than can be tested by further experiments.

Scientific Measurements

It is the much easier to gather and check data, that are so essential to the methods of science. The system agreed upon in 1960 is the International System of Units (SI), a modernized version of the metric system established in France in 1791.

Scientific Measurements

It has 4 unit system, MKS (meter, kilogram, second) CGS (centimeter, gram, second) MTS (meter, tone, second) MKSA (SI) (meter, kilogram, second, amper)

Scientific Measurements
The Seven SI Base Units Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol of Unit Lenght meter m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Temperature Kelvin K Amount of substance Mole mol Electric current Ampere A Luminous intensity Candela cd

Scientific Measurements
Some Commen SI Prefix
Multiple 101 102 103 106 109 1012 Prefix deca hecto kilo mega giga tera Symbol of Unit da h K M G T

Scientific Measurements
Some Commen SI Prefix
Multiple 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Prefix deci centi milli micro nano pico Symbol of Unit d c m

n p

Scientific Measurements

Mass Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. Mass can be measured in many ways, but the most common is through weighing. The weight of an object is the force of Earths gravity on the object, and this force is directly proportional to the mass of the object.

Scientific Measurements

Mass The SI base quantity of mass is the kilogram (kg). A more convenient mass unit for most laboratory work is the gram. 1 kg=103 g=106 mg The milligram (mg) is a suitable unit for small quantities of materials, such as some drug dosages 1 mg=10-3 microg

Scientific Measurements

Temperature The SI base unit is the kelvin (K). For the routin laboratory work, we often use Celsius temperature scale. On this scale the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celcius (oC) an the boiling point is 100 degree Celcius. The interval between these two reference points is divided into 100 equal parts, each a degree Celcius.

Scientific Measurements

Temperature Another temperature scale widely used in the United States is the Fahrenheit scale. Their treatment of an important physical property-the freezing point of water. 0oC=32 oF The temperature interval called a degree. A 10degree temperature intervalon the Celsius scale equals an 18-degree interval on the fahrenheit scale.

Scientific Measurements

Temperature These two facts are the basis of two equations that relate temperatures on the two scales. One of these requires multiplying the degrees celsius temperature by the factor 1.8 (that is 18/10)to obtain degrees of Fahrenheit degrees. T(K)= t (oC) + 273 t(oF)= 1.8 x t (oC) + 32 K = 0oC + 273 oF = oC x 1.8 + 32

Scientific Measurements
Density Density (d) is the mass per unit volume of a substance. This important physical property is definet by the following equations: m d=______ V The SI unit of density is k,lograms per cubic meter (kg/m3 or kgm-3), but densities are more often measured in grams per cubic centimeter, (g/cm3) or grams per mililiter (g/mL)

Scientific Measurements

Volume The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3) 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

Scientific Measurements

Lenght The SI base unit of lenght is the meter (m). 1 m= 10 2 cm = 10 3 mm = 10 6 microm

1 micro m = 10 -6 m 1 nm = 10 -9 m

Scientific Measurements

Pressure The SI base unit of pressure is the atmosphere. 1 A = 760 mm Hg= 76 cm Hg Energy The SI base unit ofenergy is the joule (kgm2 / s2) 1 joule = 0.239 cal 1 Cal = 4.184 j 1 erg = 10 -7 j 1 joule = 10 7 erg

Sampling Errors

Measurements would yield varying results depending on several factors. Counting can be exact: We can count exactly students in a room. Measurements, on the other hand, are subject to error. One source of error is the measuring instrument themselves. Other errors may result from the experimenters lack of skill or care in using measuring instruments. The accuracy of a set of measurement refers to the closeness of the average of the set to the corrector most probable value.

Significant Figures

We say the certain or uncertain about the numerical. 25 (uncertainty +/- 1) 2300 (uncertainty +/- 100) 0.029 (uncertainty +/- 0.001) 26.64 (uncertainty +/- 0.01)

Significant Figures

When we read a number from left to right , all the digits starting with the first nonzero digit are significant. 0.006004800
significant figures are 7

Significant Figures in Calculations

Numbers uncertainty significant figures 683 +/-1 3 6830 +/-10 4 6830.510 +/-0.001 7 0.00045 +/-0.00001 2 0.0403 +/-0.0001 3 8.000 +/-0.001 4 7.210 +/-0.001 4 15.00 +/-0.01 4 10.00005 +/-0.00001 7 0.0015 +/-0.0001 2

Sampling Errors

In multiplication and divison, the reported result should have no more significant figures than the factor with the fewest significant figures. In rounding, we drop all digits that are not significant. These are the rules that we eill follow in rounding. If the leftmost digit to be dropped is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, leave the final remaining digit unchanged. Example: 369,443 rounds to 369, 44 if we need five significant figures, and to 369,4 if we need four. f the leftmost digit to be dropped is 5,6,7,8,9 increase the final digit by one. Example: 538, 768 rounds to 538, 77