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The Arab Islamic Empire had spread since (622 AD) over the countries of the Middle- East, North Africa and Spain. It also reached the borders of France, and The China Great Wall. It carried to nations, culture, knowledge and sciences. It also contributed to the development of medical sciences . The Arabs message to all nations surpassed all ethnic, religious and national boundaries.
Introduction:
Ancient Arab medicine owes a great deal to the influence of antecedent civilizations. (1) Pharoahs (2) Greeks. (3) Romans. (4) Babylonians (5) Chinese (6) Indians (7) Persians.
Medicine considered one of the best facets of Arab civilization in which Arabs most excelled.
Pre-Arab medicine was: legendary, magic, clerical, and Witchcraft (.) Arab medicine was a result of merging : old Roman and Greek sciences. Mainly due to famous scientists :(1) Hippocrates (460 317 BC). (2) Galen (129 199 AD). Both composed many medical books which were, translated into Arabic by Arab scientists.
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physiognomy (:)
The ability of discovering temperament and inner characters of a person from outward appearance. Was believed that a disease would attack a person or a tribe due to an evil, which can be driven away by magic.
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Geomancy (: ) ( )
The art of using sand or small stones of different shapes to tell the person's future.
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Palmistry (:)
Looking at the different lines on palms of a person and foretell his future, health, length of life, and destiny.
5. Drove
To drive away bad spirits and evil from the soul and body in states of illness and catastrophies. Many believed in "jinn" and evil eye"al ayn".
6. Inspiration
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An action put on a person to make him by suggestion, believe an Idea. "Burying" a green wedge or eggplant in a dark cave in the dark, then touching warts with it, believed that will cure them.
7. Amulets
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Prescribed by magicians and make people who carry them believe that will bring them good luck and health. Or beat their enemies, or make a sterile woman conceive.
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Astrology (:) Astrologists claimed to understand the meaning of stars movement and their relation to the development of epidemics, disasters, misery or happiness of persons or a tribe.
A map or diagram of relative positions of planets, believed to indicate persons life events. Can denote revenge, hostility, optism, pessimism, travel and wealth.
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Horoscopy (:)
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A remedy that used by Arab physicians to counteract the effect of allergic reaction to snake and scorpion bites or any poison. It was composed of 66 herbs and spices.
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Cauterization (:)
Used in the form of burnstick to treat warts. Used to treat pain such as sciatica, lumbago and arthritis. Or cauterize a bleeding wound or amputated limb stump to stop bleeding and prevent gangrene.
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Stimulation (:)
Garlic and vinegar used to rub areas of alopecia to stimulate hair growth or reduce pain from bites stings.
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Scarification (: )
Skin incision or scratching for blood letting to get rid of poisoned blood as in case of snake or scorpion bites, then the limb is fastened tight by a rope.
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Cupping (:) Used for chest infection, pneumonia and myositis. Arab physicians used it to treat 72 diseases including (leprosy, toothache, boils, gout, piles and elephantiasis). Leech Therapy (:) Leeches applied on skin (15-30 minutes) to suck blood from face, ears, neck, thighs and legs. Useful to treat hypertension, headache, and varicose veins. Still used by barbers till now.
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Arab physicians believed that letting blood will get rid of the excess contaminated blood. Used heated knife, razor blade, or a warmed needle. Useful to treat hypertension, headache, and both chickenpox and measles.
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Tropical shrub small tree Lowsonia intermis. Used as hands and feet paint in marriage ceremonies. Used as dye of hair, and paint to treat brittled nails. Used as camouflage to cover vitiligo and skin scars. Used as paint to cure eczema, burns, and scabies, Used as poultic to treat sciatica. Chewed for treating oral ulcers.
Henna (:)
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Paracentesis (:)
A puncture in the abdomen was created using a knife sterilized by fire, to treat ascites which Arab believed due to bad water in the abdomen.
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Kohel (:) Used as eyeliner to lengthen eyelashes, improve vision and treatment of blepharitis.
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Circumcision (:) Performed by barbers for boys and girls as a Muslim rite and for hygienic purpose.
Contraceptives (:) Drinking water of sweet basil or weeping willow leaves. Eating lot of beans on empty stomach. Using tar suppositories. Using myrrh and cinnamon after menstruation.
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Miswack (:)
The first tooth brush in history. Made of a splitted branch of a tree.
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Abortifacients (:)
Smear penis with onion juice or tar and white lead, before coitus. Jumping backward to expel semen. Introduce Jews melon green sticks into the cervix and manipulated to help induce abortion.
Honey Therapy (:) Improve blood circulation, and laxative Protects children against scurvy and rickets and treat lice in children. Improve hearing and vision. Antimicrobial and antifungal as (5% cream or liquid). Warm ear drops with salt to treat wax. Mouth gargle for tonsillitis. Soothes skin ulcers and folliculitis.
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Tattooing Therapy: ()
Originally associated with marriage ceremonies. Used as decorative and beauty sign. Believed to protect people from evil and sickness and has the power of talisman. Believed to protect the body from a sword or dagger. It has many complications. The prophet prohibited tattooing because it is painful.
Introduction
Arab physicians used their abilities of observation to recognize diseases and in particular of the skin. They used physiognomy, vision and keeness to recognize signs and symptoms of illnesses. Perspicacity of mind enabled them to give diseases their names, based on their observance of the characteristics. Used to break in epidemics. Arabs recognized the pimples and vesicles "protuberances" appearing on the skin of the camels neck. The pimples also resembled small, raised scattered spots on the ground that are pushed by the growing roots of plants.
1. Smallpox:
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Measles: Pebbles or small rounded stones or quartz were also used to describe the rash of measles, because the rash which was recognized by Arabs look like pebbles on the ground. Jaundice (:) It was called "Yellow" because the color of the leaves of plants look yellow in autumn, like the color of patients eyes and skin.
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Alopecia (:)
Means in Arabic "The Female Fox" because, the Arabs observed a yearly loss of hair of the female fox or. Because the female fox destroys the plants in farms in search for food, leaving empty areas behind, look like empty scalp hair areas of alopecia.
6. Leprosy (:)
Was named by Arabs as "Jootham" or "Juthm" in Arabic means to cut" or "to amputate" because they observed that the disease ends up with spontaneous loss of parts of body like fingers and nose.
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Vitiligo (: )
Arabs noticed the loss of skin colour in different sites and called it ( ) white Bahak or Barag and related it to the loss of pigment cells function. But they differentiated it from leprosy (Baras) ( )Black Bahak, which they knew as infections disease.
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Psoriasis ()
Psoriasis means Covered with a crust like a Shell Oyster. Treated with Burdock Herbs ( )and Aloe Vera ( )and Willow plants (.) Treated also with olive oil, coal tar, willo. Dead Sea mud (Contain Bitumen a tar).
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Ichthyosis ()
It is covered with a layer looks like fish scals. Treated with mixture of willow ( ) and Osier (.)
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Acne ()
Garlic, Aloe Vera and lemon , patches of vinegar , rose water.
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He divided the materials in alchemy into three classes. 1. The spirits. 2. The metalic bodies. 3.The mineral bodies. He classified spirits into: sulfur, arsenic, mercury, ammonias and camphor. He also showed that metals include: lead, tin, gold, silver, copper, iron and kharsine (Chinese iron) Was the first scientist to outline the modern acid base theory: (the sulphur - mercury principles). He converted mercury into a mercuric sulfide = cinnabar. His discovery of metals and minerals enabled physicians later on to use them for treating skin diseases.
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He also described eczema in detail. He described scabies and that itching is due to an insect that he could remove by a needle. But never relate it as the cause of scabies. He made comprehensive description of hair, nails, and the skin. He mentioned that skin is the origin of sweating . He also mentioned that castration prevents hair growth. He tried to find causes of hair greying and baldness. He described leprosy and vitiligo on Four Humors bases. He treated leprosy and scalp fungus by using yellow sulphur and arsenic. He treated scabies and pediculosis by using tar, sulphur, mercuri and red arsenic.
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Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al- kindi (801 AD 873 AD) His name in Latin was "Mesue Senior" or "Janus Damascus " Lived in Kufa. He studied Graeco Hellenistic (Gracian) sciences and philosophy. Was the first famous of the Muslim philosopher and scientists. He wrote a book on leprosy: with details of its etiology and treatment. He was the author of the first Arabic Ophthalmological Treatise.
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5. Mohammed
He described treatment for "Intestinal Worms" as: Razin syrup to be taken for 3 days, and seeds of cavern (grotto) plant ( ,)and mulberry ( )juice, dates and wormwood plant ( .)All given for 3 days preceeded by drinking milk on empty stomach in the morning. Treatment of "Piles": using leek ( )and gee compressors. Peeled cucumber also used as compressors when piles bleed. Pilonidal Sinuses: Duck fat and teribenth gum ( ) and sweet clover (( )Kog's cloves) mixed together and used as compressors. "Anal Fissures": application of rose water and opium.
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Mohammed ibn Zakariya al Razi (865 AD 925 AD) He described "Impetigo" and classified it into two types: (1) The "Wet" red itchy that become blackish and easy to cure. (2) The "whitish" late chronic type. He treated impetigo with: Arab gum, bitter almond paint, white petrolium, and venesection then to be covered with tar.
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