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Teaching Writing
Written speech lacks of the expressive intonational qualities of oral speech Writing often a massage addressed to no one in particular- confusing to the child Thought or inner speech must be expanded into inelligible writen form Important factor in teaching reading and writing is that instruction should be organised so that these activities are necessay for a goal important to the child.
1. Instruction can be planned to provide practice in the zone of proximal development for individual children or for groups of children. For example, hints and prompts that helped children during the assessment could form the basis of instructional activities.
2. Cooperative learning activities can be planned with groups of children at different levels who can help each other learn.
3. Scaffolding (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976) is a tactic for helping the child in his or her zone of proximal development in which the adult provides hints and prompts at different levels. In scaffolding, the adult does not simplify the task, but the role of the learner is simplified through the graduated intervention of the teacher (Greenfield, 1984, p. 119).
Vygotsky
1. Being a Marxist, Vygotsky fails to mention genetics and takes an extreme nurture stance believing society is crucial in determining development 2. Social factors play an important part in the development of the child, particularly the MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)-> the child consider as a little apprentice 3. The situation is more complex. Social interactions determine language use and language then helps to drive further cognitive development 4. Individual development is far more dependent upon the individual childs social interaction and their culture 5. Teachers and other MKOs are crucial for the child development
Conclusion
Four main principles of Vygotskys Theory: 1. Learning and development is a social, collaborative activity 2. The ZPD can serve as a guide for curricular and lesson planning 3. School learning should occur in a meaningful context 4. Relate out of school experience to the childs school experience