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E1 Fundamentals

Analog to Digital Conversion of a voice signal

For quality voice transmission the sample rate needs to be at least two times the
highest frequency, typically 3500 Hz. For this reason a sample rate of 8000 times per second is used.

Each sample of the signal has an amplitude component this is represented by an 8 bits binary code. Putting these numbers together we have an: 8000 Hz (sample rate) x 8 bits (binary code) = 64000 bits per second (representing one time slot channel)

The coding technique used for E-1 transmission systems is called A-law companding. In T-1 transmission systems, -law companding is used which uses a different method of representing of the amplitude in its 8 bit binary code.

The technique used to convert analog to digital is Pulse Code Modulation or PCM

E1 Transmission Format
A Frame; An E1 system consists of 32 time slots which contain the 64 kbit/s consecutive samples. This is called a frame. The Transmission Rate; When combined together 32 time slots x 64 Kbits/s = 2048 Kbits/s which is the speed of the E-1 transmission system. ITU-T Specifications; ITU-T Rec. G.703 Bit rate: 2048 Kbit/s +/- 50 ppm Code: HDB3 (high density bipolar 3)
Pulse shape (normally rectangular) All marks of a valid signal must conform with the mask (see figure 15/G.703) irrespective of the sign. The value V corresponds to the peak value. One coaxial pair 75 ohms resistive 2.37 V 0 0.237 V One symmetrical pair 120 ohms resistive 3V 0 0.3 V 244 ns 0.95 to 1.05

Table 6/G.703

Pair(s) in each direction Test load impedance Nominal peak voltage of a mask (pulse) Peak voltage of a space (no pulse) Nominal pulse width Ratio of the amplitude of positive and negative pulses at the centre of the pulse interval Ratio of the widths of positive and negative pulses at the normal half amplitude Maximum peak-to peak jitter at an output port

0.95 to 1.05

Refer to 2 of Recommendation G.823

E1 Transmission Format

ITU-T Specifications;

ITU-T Rec. fig.15/G.703

sample capture of an E1 signal with the pulse shape mask

E1 CAS Transmission Format

ITU-T Rec. G.704
Multiframe (16 frames) 6 7 8 9

Frame

10

11

12

13

14

15

Frame 0 (32 Time Slots)

Frame 1 (32 Time Slots)

Time Slot

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Time Slot 1 Speech Speech (Ch. 1) Ch. 1-15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LSB X0011011 00000000
Frame Alignment Word

Time Slot 0 (8 bits)

Time Slot 16 (8 bits) 0 0 0 0X0XX

MultiFrame Alignment Word

Speech Ch. 16-30

Time Slot 0 (8 bits) X1 0XXXXX

Speech Ch. 1-15

Time Slot 16 Signalling Bits 11111111 00 0 Fr. 0 0 Ch. 0 0Ch.0 A BCD A BCD

Speech Ch. 16-30

Changes to 1 on loss of distant multiframe

Changes to 1 on loss of distant frame (remote alarm) Not-Frame alignment word

Time Slot 16 : Frames 2 through 15 are the same as frame 1 Time Slot 0: Even number frames 2 through 14 are the same as frame 0 Time Slot 0: Odd number frames 3 through 15 are the same as frame 1
1 = bit set to 1 1/0 = speech / signalling (varying data)

1 2 3 : 15

1 2 3 : 15

16 17 18

:
30

0 = bit set to 0 X = unassigned bit (normally set to 1)

E1 CAS Transmission Format

Applying this framing method to the Omniplexer. TS 0 is used for framing and alarm information TS 16 contains the voice signalling bits: the A bit is used for the call status indication. the B bit is used as a busy indication. bit C & D are not used in most voice applications.

The Omniplexer assigns channel numbers 1 to 30, for usable transmission.

ITU-T G.704 (32 Time Slots)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Omniplexer - 30 Channel Assignments

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 - 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

E1 CCS Transmission Format

ITU-T Rec. G.704
Frame (32 Time Slots)

Time Slot

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

Speech Ch. 1-31

Time Slot 0 (8 bits) X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Frame Alignment Word Time Slot 1 Speech (Ch. 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Applying this framing method to the OMNIBranch and OMNIFlex. TS 0 is used for framing and alarm information The OMNIBranch assigns channel numbers 1 to 31, for usable transmission.

CCITT G.704 (32 Time Slots) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 OMNIBranch / OMNIFlex - 31 Time Slot Assignments - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

PDH Asynchronous Transmission Format

PDH = Pleisiochronous Digital Hierarchy One time slot channel = 64000 bits per second or 64 Kbps 32 time slots = an E1 (2.048 Mbps)
(30 user channels + 1 synchronization and 1 framing channel)

4 x E1 = E2 (8.448 Mbps), 120 channel PCM system

4 x E2 = E3 (34.368 Mbps) 480 channel PCM system

16 x E1 = E3 (34.368 Mbps) 480 channel PCM system

SDH Synchronous Transmission Format

SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 32 time slots = 1 x E1 (2.048 Mbps)

(30 user channels + sync and framing)

63 x E1 = STM1 (155 Mbps)

4 x STM1 = STM4 (622 Mbps)

4 x STM4 = STM16 (2500 Mbps or 2.5 Gbps)

Theory of Drop & Insert

The conventional way of performing drop and insert is with the use of back-to-back channel banks. At a Drop/Insert site all channels are converted to analog levels.
Site B Drop/Insert D/A A/D E1 Site C Drop/Insert D/A A/D Site D Drop/Insert D/A A/D Site E Channel Bank E1

Site A Channel Bank E1

E1

Drop/Insert analog channels

Drop/Insert analog channels

Drop/Insert analog channels

While this technique works, there are several draw backs including: Distortion caused by the multiple D/A and A/D conversion is cumulative across the system. The overall high cost of the system Increase in noise level

OMNIPlexer Drop & Insert

The Omniplexer allows for drop and insert at every site but only converts to analog the channels that are required. The remaining are passed through digitally.

A Channel Bank

B Drop/Insert

C Drop/Insert

D Drop/Insert

E Channel Bank

Drop/Insert channels

Drop/Insert channels

Drop/Insert channels

Drop

Insert

Pass through

Synchronization
Point - Point

E1 Tx with Clock
Bi-Directional E1

E1 Rx

E1 Rx Master Clock Source - Internal Stratum III clock Or - External Clock

E1 Tx with Clock Loop Time Mode Redirects incoming clock to outbound E1

Only one E1 clock in the network Far end is loop timed to keep both directions of E1 synchronized

Synchronization
Drop/Insert

West E1

East E1

Master Clock Source - Internal Stratum III Clock Or - External Clock

Mux clock derived from West and East E1 clocks +/- 128 bit slip buffer Recovered Mode - Clock extracted from incoming E1

Loop Time Mode - Redirects incoming clock to outbound E1

Only one E1 clock in the network Drop/Insert terminal recovers clock from incoming E1 Far end is loop timed to keep both directions of E1 synchronized

Point-to-Point E1
Single Hop

E1; 1 30 channels

Voice Full-Rate Data Sub-Rate Data

Voice Full-Rate Data Sub-Rate Data

Point-to-Point E1
3 Hops
E1; 12 channels

E1; 8 channels

E1; 10 channels

Poor utilization of E1s Excessive multiplex equipment Does not support multipoint interfaces

Drop/Insert E1
3 Hops
E1; 30 channels (12+8+10)

12 channels 30 channels

E1; 18 channels (8+10)

8 channels

Good utilization of E1s Minimal multiplex equipment Supports multipoint interfaces

E1; 10 channels

10 channels

Drop/Insert Advantages
Supports time-slot channel re-use Supports sub-rate data channel re-use Supports multipoint (miltidrop) voice and data interfaces Low throughput delay (less than 100 microseconds) Low jitter accumulation

Drop/Insert
Channel Re-Use
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

V F

V F

V F

V F

V F

V F

TS #1 D/I to Site 2

TS #1 D/I to Site 1

TS #1 D/I to Site 3 (Re-Use) TS #2 To Site 3 Pass Through Site 2

TS #1 D/I to Site 2
TS #2 To Site 1

Time-slot #1 is re-used at Site 2 Individual channels may be dropped and re-used Time-slots pass through site where channel is not accessed

Drop/Insert
Sub-Channel Re-Use
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

L S D C M

L S D C M

L S D C M

L S D C M

Drop TS-1 Sub-Ch A,B from Site 1

Insert into TS-1 Sub-Channels A,B to Site 2 C,D to Site 3

Insert TS-1 Sub-Ch A,B to Site 3

Drop TS-1 Sub-Ch A,B from Site 2 C,D fro Site 1

Time slot divided into 8 data sub-channels Individual sub-channels may be dropped and inserted

Drop/Insert
Multidrop Interfaces
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Insert into TS-1 Multipoint Voice or Data Channel

Drop TS-1 Multidrop Voice or Data Channel

Drop TS-1 Multidrop Voice or Data Channel

Applications: Polling Channels SCADA Systems Inter-Station communications Maintenance Orderwire channels

Time slot digitally bridged and dropped at each site

E1 Testing
E1 Bit Error Rate Testing

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

E1 Test Set

Laptop or PC connected to Local Port

From one location, technician can selectively test each link E1 remote loopback enabled sequentially to test link-by-link Testing performed in both West and East directions (using drop/insert E1 test set) Can test entire E1 bandwidth or time slot increments Duration of test is to 1 hour Error rate of 10E-6 is acceptable, error rate of 10E-8 to 10E-9 is expected OMNIPlexers built-in E1 error rate testing will raise alarm if error rate rises above pre-programmed threshold (10E-6 to 10E-9)

E1 Testing
Data Channel Testing

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

D C M

D C M

Data Test Set

From one location, technician can perform end-to-end bit error rate test for each data circuit Data channel remote loopback enabled Can test entire one time slot, multiple time slots or sub-rate time slot data channels Duration of test is to 1 hour Error rate of 10E-6 is acceptable, error rate of 10E-8 to 10E-9 is expected

E1 Testing
Voice Channel Testing

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

E & M

E & M

Analog Level Meter

Analog Signal Generator

From one location, technician can perform end-to-end bit test for each analog circuit Analog channel remote loopback enabled Measure analog level, signal-to-noise ratio, noise floor, distortion

Products
OMNIPlexer Intelligent T1 and E1 Drop/Insert Multiplexer

OMNIBranch & OMNIFlex Compact Digital Cross-Connect Switches - 4 to 8 T1 ports - Data port options

OMNISkip E3 to 16 E1 Multiplexer

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