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Introduction Objective
providing hot water for IOT students cafeteria by using solar thermal water heater system . With the following subordinate objectives To provide hot water for students cafeteria by using environmentally friendly power source (solar power) To replace the higher cost requiring powers by lower cost requiring sources (electric and fuel powers) by solar power To produce hot water with minimum running cost
Literature Review
The history of the solar hot water heater extends back over to 2500 years. Solar heating was so popular in the Roman empire. In Geneva, story of solar water heating began in the 1760s by Horace-Benedict de Saussure, when he observed that it is always hotter when sun rays pass through a glass-covered structure than into a site unprotected by such material. In 1891, Clarence Kemp, an American plumbing and heating manufacturer, placed a black-painted water tank inside a glasscovered box with a similar design to de Saussures. This was enough to hot water for bathing or dishwashing and was the first commercial solar water heater. Kemp called it the Climax.
Experts project that by 2010 the number of solar water heaters installed in China will equal the thermal equivalent of electrical capacity of 40 large nuclear power plants Solar water heaters appear to be economically feasible in Ethiopia due to the escalation of the price of petroleum and electricity in the last 2 to 3 decades Studies undertaken by Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Technology, indicate that with the current electricity tariffs, the investment cost of a solar water heater can be paid back within six months
Washing
hot water
= 4680L+6282L+6202L
=7509L
Making tea
One cup of tea is taken as 1/4 litre. Therefore the total amount of water required for tea making is V=n* volume of cup =4000*1/4 =1000 L
If this energy is to be supplied by fuel oil the amount of fuel used is amount of fuel = heat power required / calorific value =3512880 KJ/(664.083*43932) =120.4 L The price of 1 L naphtha is 17.80 birr therefore the total cost =120.4 *17.8 =2143.30 birr When solar thermal water heater is used such cost can be avoided with only initial cost investment for installing solar thermal water heater
Design of solar thermal water heater Selection of proper type of solar thermal water heater
Solar thermal water heater
Active
Passive
Direct
Indirect
Thermosyphon
Batch
Passive System
There are 2 types of passive solar systems Integral collector /Solar Batch Heaters collector and storage tank are combined into one unit Whenever theres a call for hot water, water pressure from the home moves hot water from the top of the solar batch heater as cold water is pushed into the bottom Thermosyphon Systems tank must be located directly above the collector work on the principal of heat rising Active systems
two types of active water heating systems Direct Solar Water Heating
Basic components of solar thermal water heater Solar collectors Heat exchanger Thermal storage Circulating pump System controls/controller Circulating pipe
80
45
20
Length of tubes
then length of the tube using N=15, D=0.025 m =33.86 m The number of pass is taken as 12. length of heat exchanger is 33.86/12=2.82
The heat loss from pipe which goes from heat exchanger to collector is 47.47 W The temperature is 44.9 degree Celsius two storage tanks of 7000 L are used heat loss from one storage tank is 480 W actual temperature in the storage tank is 79.79
Collector can be Unglazed - low-temperature systems usually operate at low temperature, up to 10C above ambient temperature Double glazed solar collector performance is better at optimum medium temperature For pumped active system header and riser arrangement has better performance As the operating temperature of this case is at 100 degree Celsius, hence double glazed solar collector with header and riser is used
Size of collector
From standards 5 sq.m collector is chosen. Then number of modules 45 These collectors will be arranged in series-parallel flow
Selection of pump
from analysis Working fluid circulating pump Discharge= 0.543 L/s Total head: H =8 m Cold water heat exchanger feeding pump Discharge= 0.566 L/s Total head: H =3 m
Payback time
it is the time when the installation cost balances with electric and fuel oil consuming cost the total daily cost is electric plus oil cost 1204.51 birr per day
Payback time is calculated t* total daily cost=total installation cost =285409/1204.51 =236.95 The payback time is about eight months
Recommendations
As solar thermal heaters require larger portion of area, the installation area should be unusable area or collectors should be placed at the roof of buildings. Control systems of the system should be checked frequently to increase performance As the total hot water demand requires larger system for organizations like in this case part of the system can be installed and gradually the total system can be installed