Chapter 9

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 A drug which alters a persons experiences or

consciousness Can cause intoxications

A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and

emotional changes occur.

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 Habits that have gotten out of control, with a

resulting negative effect on a persons health. Addiction is the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the users body. Drug Addiction (four important characteristics)
1. Compulsive desire 2. Need to increase the dosage 3. Harmful effects to the individual

4. Harm to society

Drug Habituation (habit)

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 Reinforcement

Compulsion or Craving
Loss of Control Escalation

Negative Consequences

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 Often starts to bring pleasure or to avoid pain.

Harmless or even beneficial if done in moderation

Examples of addictive behaviors: Gambling Compulsive Exercising Work Addiction Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction Characteristics of people with addition
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 Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended

to affect the structure or function of the body

Prescription medicines Over-the-counter substances Caffeine Tobacco Alcohol Illegal substances

The Drug Tradition

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 The APAs Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders authoritative reference Abuse

APA definition Failure to fulfill major responsibilities Drug use in situations that are hazardous Drug related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems

Physically dependent may or may not present

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 Substance dependence

1. Developing tolerance to the substance 2. Experiencing withdrawal 3. Taking in larger amounts 4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down 5. Spending great deal of time obtaining 6. Giving up or reducing important activities 7. Continual usage even with recognition of a problem
Diagnosed with at least 3 or more symptoms

during a 12-month period

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All income and education levels All ethnic groups All ages Young people are at a higher risk Males (Twice as likely) Troubled adolescent Thrill-seeker Dysfunctional families Peer group or family that accepts Low Socioeconomical status Dating young
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 Experiment

Escape
Reliance Magnification of residence

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 Psychological risks Difficulty in controlling impulses Strong need for excitement Feelings of rejection Hostility Aggression Anxiety Mental illness Dual (co-occurring disorders)

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 Social Factors
Growing up in a family with drug abuse
Peer group Poverty

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 Intoxication

Side effects
Unknown Drug constituents Risks associated with injection drug use

Legal consequences

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Changes in Brain chemistry Drug factors:

Pharmacological properties Dose-Response function Time-action function Drug use history Method of use

User Factors Social Factors

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Psychoactive Drugs 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Nine

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 Opioids (narcotics)
Natural or synthetic Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,. Hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanly Induce euphoria Methods of administration Injection, snorting, sniffing or smoking Symptoms of overdose

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 Central Nervous System Depressants Slow down the overall activity of the CNS Sedative-hypnotics Types Effects
Effects on the body

Medical uses From use to abuse Overdosing

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 Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular

system
Cocaine Methods of use Effects Abuse and Dependence Use during pregnancy

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 Amphetamines Effects From use to abuse

State dependence

Dependence
psychosis

Ritalin Ephedrine Caffeine

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 Cannabis Sativa

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
Short term effects and uses
Depersonalization

Long-term effects and uses

Respiratory damage

Dependence

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 Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings

and thoughts LSD, Mascaline, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushrooms
Altered states of consciousness

Impact on proprioception

Synesthia Flashbacks

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 Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of

anesthetics, slow down the bodies functions Volatile solvents Nitrates Anesthetics Methods of use

Sniffing Snorting Bagging Huffing

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 Drug research

Drugs, society, and families

Legalization Drug Testing

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 Medication-assisted treatment Drug substitution Treatment centers Self-help groups and peer counseling AA NA Harm reduction strategies

Codependency

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 Governmental attempts Anti-drug education programs Indirect approaches Young peoples self-esteem Improve academic skills Increase recreational opportunities Direct approaches Information about the adverse effects Peer pressure resistance

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 Issues
What are the risks involved?
Is using the drug compatible with your goals? What are your ethical beliefs about drug use? What are the financial costs?

Are you trying to solve deeper problem?

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Bored? Stressed? Shy or lonely? Feeling low on self-esteem? Depressed or anxious? Apathetic or lethargic? Searching for meaning? Afraid to say no? Still feeling peer pressure?

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Chapter 9

2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.