Overview

Background Human Area Network Working Principle Features Prototypes Applications Security Comparison with other technologies Conclusion

Background
The practical implementation of ubiquitous services requires three levels of connectivity: WideAreaNetworks(WAN),typically via the Internet, to remotely connect all types of severs and terminals LocalAreaNetworks(LAN),typically via Ethernet or WiFi connectivity among all the information and communication appliances in offices and homes; and HumanAreaNetworks(HAN)for connectivity to personal info, media and communication appliances within the much smaller sphere of ordinary daily activities-- the last one meter.

Human Area Network

In addition to the WANs (Internet) and LANs, there are applications best served by Human Area Networks (HANs) that connect the last meter User interface based on totally natural human actions such as touching, holding, sitting, walking, or stepping on a particular spot.

Human Area Network

Definition
is a new Human Area Networking technology that uses the surface of the human body as a safe, high speed network transmission path. Skintronics uses the minute electric field emitted on the surface of the human body.

Skintronics

Working Principle
Skintronics relies upon the principle that the optical properties of an electro-optic crystal can vary according to the changes of a weak electric field.

 Skintronics uses the electric field that occurs naturally on the surface of the human body for communication. Transmitter and receiver electrodes are covered with an insulating films. No current flows into the body from the Skintronics transceiver. The body indirectly receives a minute electric field. This causes electrons already present inside the body to move, creating a minute displacement current. This displacement current is similar to those occurring in everyday life.

Block Diagram

Features

TOUCH
Touching, gripping, sitting, walking, stepping and other human movements can be the triggers for unlocking or locking, starting or stopping equipment, or obtaining data Using Skintronics, communication starts when terminals carried by the user or embedded in devices are linked in various combinations through physical contact according to the human's natural movements.

BROADBAND & INTERACTIVE

Duplex, interactive communication is possible at a maximum speed of 10Mbps. The transmission path is on the surface of the body Transmission speed does not deteriorate in congested areas where many people are communicating at the same time . Taking advantage of this speed, device drivers can be downloaded instantly and executable programs can be sent.

BROADBAND AND INTERACTIVE

Communication speed can deteriorate in crowded spaces due to a lack of bandwidth (wireless LAN)

Device drivers can be downloaded instantly and executable programs can be quickly sent.(RED TACTON)

ANY MEDIA
In addition to the human body, various conductors and dielectrics can be used as transmission media. Conductors and dielectrics may also be used in combination. DI ELETRICS CONUCTORS (Signals pass through materials) (Signals travel along surface)

 A communication environment can be created easily and at low-cost by using items close at hand, such as desks, walls, and metal objects. There is one limitation on the length of the conductor to be propagated, on installation locations, and on the thickness of the dielectric to be passed through.

PROTOTYPES
Skintronics transceiver (pc card type) Skintronics transceiver (hub type) Skintronics transceiver (box type)

Pc card type transceiver

Communication speed:10Mbps Protocols : TCP/IP Communication method :Half-duplex Interface: PCMCIA

Hub type transceiver

Communication speed:10Mbps Protocols :TCP/IP Communication method : Half-duplex Interface: RJ45

Box type transceiver

A type of connection between a computer and a peripheral device like a printer or a camera. Under construction

APPLICATIONS
One to one services Intuitive operations Device personalization New behavior patterns Security applications

ONE TO ONE SERVICES

1.AnAlarm Skintronics devices embedded medicine bottles transmit information on the medicines attributes. If the user touches the wrong medicine, an alarm will trigger on the terminal he is carrying. The alarm sounds only if the user actually touches the medicine bottle, reducing false alarms common with passive wireless ID tags, which can trigger simply by proximity.

2. Touch Advertising

When a consumer stands in front of an advertising panel and information matching his or her attributes is automatically displayed. By touching or standing in front of items, consumers can get more in-depth information.

INTUITIVEOPERATIONS
1. Touch a printer to print

Print out where you want just by touching the desired printer with one hand and a PC or digital camera with the other hand to make the link. Complicated configurations are reduced by downloading device drivers at first touch

2. Instant private data exchange

By shaking hands, personal profile data can be exchanged between mobile terminals on the users. (Electronic exchange of business cards) Communication can be kept private using authentication and encryption technologies.

DEVICE PERSONALIZATION
1. Touching a phone makes it your own Your own phone number is allocated and billing commences. Automatic importing of personal address book and call history.

2. Personalisation of Automobiles
The seat position and steering wheel height adjust to match the driver just by sitting in the car . The drivers home is set as the destination in the car navigation system. The stereo plays the drivers favorite song.

3. Wireless Headset Skintronics can carry music or video between headsets,mobile devices, mobile phones, etc. Users can listen to music from a skintronics player simply by putting on a headset.

4. Conference System
An electrically conductive sheet is embedded in the table. A network connection is initiated simply by placing a lap-top on the table. Using different sheet patterns enables segmentation of the table into subnets.

NEW BEHAVIOR PATTERNS

Tables, walls, floors and chairs can all act as conductors and dielectrics, turning furniture and other architectural elements into a new class of transmission medium. For example, a user could have instant access to the Internet merely by placing a laptop onto a conductive tabletop.

SECURITY APPLICATIONS
1. User verification and unlocking Carrying a mobile Skintronics capable device in ones pocket, ID is verified and the door unlocked when the user holds the doorknob normally. Secure lock administration is possible by combining personal verification tools such as fingerprint ID or other biometric in the mobile terminal.

2. Automatic access log There is also a facility to access automatic log for confidential document storage. These access logs contain database information in the form of log files.

Other Applications
1. Under Water Communication
Skintronics allows communication in outer space and in water where the speech constraints are very high thus enables a highly efficient means of expression of speech which is beyond the purvey of human beings.

2. Communication inside body

Skintronics is also used for the treatment. In human body, it is used to detect ailments such as abnormal growths, tumors and affected tissues thus helps in curing different diseases.

Comparison with other network technologies

Skintronics is positioned as the last 1m solution to ultimate close-range communication. Skintronics is situated directly between wireless and wired communication. Wireless communication creates connections when signals arrive, allowing for easy connections because connectors are unnecessary. However, seen from another aspect, the arriving signals can be intercepted, so security becomes an issue.

 Wired communication transmits data between two connection points, so interception is difficult and security can be considered to be high. However, connectors and cables are a nuisance. Skintronics is much better in comparison with technologies such as wireless LAN and blue-tooth. It is better than wireless LAN as signals dont weaken and where as blue-tooth the communication is more secured and is possible only between two devices

Conclusion
We conclude that, when we compare Skintronics with other technology present today it can give a better performance over others And we can say that to connect the network with in short distances Skintronics is the best. In this technology there is no problem of hackers as our body is itself a media.

Refrences
Wikipedia.(February 2009). Red Tacton [Online]. Available:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedTacton NTT (February 2005). "RedTacton: An innovative Human Area Networking technology".[Online]. Available:http://www.ntt.co.jp/news/news05e/0502/05028 .html "REDTACTON, Electronics & Communication Department, Mandsaur Institute of Technology. IEEE Report. [Online].Available:http://www.scribd.com/doc/5007416/Re dtacton-IEEE-Report Scribd (2010). "Human Area Networks-RedTacton". [Online].Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/55240946/RED-TACTONREPORT

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