THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN HUMAN

HORMONE???
Hormone are chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands It takes only a small amount to cause big changes in cells or even the whole body Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including: Growth and development Metabolism Sexual function Reproduction Mood

 consist of many glands

each gland secrete different types of hormone Endocrine gland are ductless gland Hence, hormones are secretes directly into interstitial fluid and into the bloodstream The circulating blood then delivers hormone to the target cells

Why do we need endocrine system?

1. 2. 3. The endocrine system and nervous system play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. Both this system often works together. The endocrine system usually complement the nervous system. Ex: When dehydrated, the blood osmotic pressure increased. This stimulates the neurones in the hypothalamus which in activates the pituitary glands to release the antidiuretic hormones (ADH). ADH causes the kidneys to retain more water. Thus, the osmotic pressure decrease and return to normal again.

The nervous system The endocrine system

Control voluntary and involuntary actions
Conveys electrical signals Messages are conducted via neurones.

Controls involuntary actions

Conveys chemical signal (hormones) Messages are conveyed via the bloodstream

Messages are conveyed rapidly

Messages are carried between specific locations The responses or effect are temporary

Message are conveyed slowly

Messages are carried from the source to the various destination The response or effects are longlasting

FUNCTION OF HORMONES
3 MAIN CATEGORIES: Reproduction (FSH, LH, oestrogens, progesterone, androgen) Growth (growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine) Homeostasis ( insulin, glucagon, ADH, adrenaline)

REGULATION OF HORMONES SECRETION

How??? - Regulates by the other hormones - Regulate by the signals from the nervous system - Regulates by the level of certain substances in the body

 The hypothalamus serve as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system The hypothalamus act on the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland In hypothalamus = neurosecretory cells These cells produce hypothalamic releasing hormone and hypothalamic inhibiting hormone

Ex: Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secretes thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) TSH stimulate the thyroid gland to secretes thyroxine

Negative feedback mechanism in hormone regulation

HYPOTHALAMUS Thyroid-releasing Hormone, TRH
Negative feedback inhibits the release of TRH Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH

ANTERIOR PITUITARY Thyroid-stimulating Hormone, TSH

Negative feedback Stimulates the target gland inhibits to secrete Thyroxine the release of TSH

TARGET GLAND Thyroxine

When the thyroxine concentration exceeds a certain level in the blood, its inhibits TRH production in the hypothalamus and TSH production from the anterior pituitary

Regulation by the other substances: blood glucose level rise the pancreas produce insulin insulin causes increase in glucose uptake by cells the cells metabolise the glucose or convert it into glycogen as a result, blood glucose level return to normal

Thyroxine Insulin Growth hormon (GH) Testosterone Oestrogen Progesterone

Thyroxine
UNDER SECRETION ~Cretinism stunted physical and
mental in children

OVER SECRETION ~Increase metabolic rate, increase heartbeat, excessive sweating, nervousness, restlessness and weight loss

~ Myxedema in adult: slow heart rate, low body temperature, a tendency to gain weight easily

Insulin
UNDER SECRETION ~Diabetes mellitus - high blood sugar level
and sugar in urine.

OVER SECRETION ~Hypoglycaemia abnormal lowering of

blood sugar level (lead to shock and coma)

Growth hormone (GH)

UNDER SECRETION ~Dwarfism OVER SECRETION ~Gigantism (childhood)

~Acromegaly (adult)

 Facial aspect of a patient with acromegaly The nose is widened and thickened. The cheekbones are obvious, the forehead bulges, the lips are thick and the facial lines are marked.

Testosterone
UNDER SECRETION ~ Inhibit the development of male secondary characteristics OVER SECRETION ~Excessive male characteristics and early puberty.

Oestrogen
UNDER SECRETION ~Inhibits the development of secondary sex characteristics in female. OVER SECRETION ~Excessive female characteristics and early puberty.

Progesterone
UNDER SECRETION ~Abortion of embryo OVER SECRETION ~Failure in delivery at the correct time.