SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Presented by:
SNEHAL PRASOON

CONTENTS
Introduction Smart Materials New Material Requirements Classification Of Smart Materials Properties Of Shape Memory Alloys Smart Structure Components of Smart structure Sensors and Actuators Structural Uses of SMAS Case Study Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION
Smart materials and structures technology represents an emerging field of study that is finding many applications in support of civil infrastructure systems. The potential benefit of this technology may be improved

system reliability, longevity enhanced system performance,

improved safety against natural hazards and vibrations, and a reduction in life cycle costs in operating and managing civil

infrastructure systems.

SMART MATERIALS

Smart materials are materials that have the intrinsic and extrinsic capabilities , firstly to respond to stimuli and environmental changes and secondly to activate their functions according to these changes. Depending on changes in some external conditions, "smart" materials change either their properties (mechanical, electrical, appearance), their structure or composition, or their functions.

REQUIREMENTS

Technical properties Technological properties Economic criteria Environmental characteristics Sustainable development criteria, implying reuse and recycling capacities.

CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIALS

Actuator materials

Piezoelectric Electrostrictive Magnetostrictive Shape Memory Alloys

Optical fibers

The Sensors

PROPERTIES OF SMAS

Repeated absorption of large amount of strain energy. Usable strain range of 70%. Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain cycle Their great durability and reliability in the long run

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

COMPONENTS OF A SMART STRUCTURES

DATA ACQUISITION Collection of raw data required for appropriate sensing and monitoring of the structure. DATA TRANSMISSION Forwards raw data to the local/central command and control units.

COMMAND AND CONTROL PROCESS

Controls the whole systems by analyzing the data , deriving the appropriate conclusion and determining the actions required . DATA INSTRUCTIONS Transmits the decision and associated instructions back to the member of the structure. ACTION DEVICE It takes the action by triggering the control devices

Control system monitors the sensors signal processing the information in order to determine action required. If an action is required, then a signal is applied to the appropriate actuator.
Sensor To monitor environmental changes and generate signals proportional to the changing measured. Actuator used to change the properties of the smart structure in order to achieve the desired response

Sensors and Actuators

Mechanical Energy

Displacement Velocity Acceleration Force Pressure Temperature

Sensor
Electrical Energy

Actuator

Current Voltage Capacitance Resistance Inductance

Sensors attached to columns

Sensors attached to Deck slabs

Sensors attached to Deck slabs

Structural uses of SMAs

Active control of structures

Passive control of structures

Smart material tag

Retrofitting

Self healing
Structural health monitoring

Active control of structures

The structure adapts its dynamic characteristics to meet the performance objectives at any instance

Test Setup of the Cantilevered Beam with SMA Wire Actuator

Passive control of structures

Special braces for framed structures Isolation devices for buildings and bridges

Smart Material Tag

Used in composite structures Can be monitored externally throughout the life of the structure The internal material conditions like moisture, voids, cracks may be interpreted via sensing.

Retrofitting

SMAs can be used as self stressing fibers and thus they can be applied for retrofitting Self-stressing fibers are the ones in which the reinforcement is placed into the composite in non stressed state Prestressing force is introduced into the system by providing SMAs

Treatment can be applied at any time after hardening of the matrix instead of during its curing and hardening

Self-healing
The deformation beyond the first crack can be fully recovered and cracks can be fully closed.

Structural Health Monitoring

Use of piezo transducers, surface bonded to the structure or embedded in the walls of the structure can be used for structural health monitoring and local damage detection.

APPLICATION OF SMART MATERIALS

CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE Its ability to conduct electricity and most importantly, capacity to change its conductivity with mechanical stress makes a promising material for smart structure.

The high density coupled with choice of fibers ranging from stainless steel to carbon applied under high pressure gives the product with outstanding qualities.

SMART CONCRETE

A mere addition of 0.5% of specially treated carbon fibers enables the increase of electrical conductivity of concrete. Addition of load reduces the conductivity of the concrete, on removing of load concrete regains its original conductivity. Functions as a traffic sensing recorder when used as road pavement . Used to lay smart highways to guide self steering cars which at present follow tracks of buried magnets.

Smart building materials remove pollutants

These are special construction materials and coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) They can capture organic and inorganic air pollutants after they have been exposed to ultra-violet and/or sun rays. The degraded polluting substances can then be washed away by rainwater.

Sensor Networking

Users Satellite

Telephone

IP

Radio Cellular

Fiber Optic Structure

Communications

A Schematic view of a Smart Bridge

Sensors atop flagpole measure movement, Dupont court

Sensor box mounted on flag pole

Rion Antirion Bridge, Greece

Rion Antirion Bridge, Greece

CONCLUSION
The technologies using smart materials are useful for both new and existing constructions. Of the many emerging technologies available the few described here need further research to evolve the design guidelines of systems. Codes, standards and practices are of crucial importance for the further development.

With the benefits in sight , smart structures technology is seeing quick moment into the civil engineering field. Civil infrastructures of the future will be integrated with sensors and control devices through information networks to enhance their performance at reduced life cycle cost. From an educational perspective it is desirable to prepare the present and next generation of civil engineers for the advanced technologies which they will use in the future.

References
Journal of professional issues in engineering education and practice ASCE / January 2008.
N.Krstulovic-Opara and A.E. Naaman, ACI Structural Journal, March April 2000, pp 335344 Web Sites

http://dbtindia.nic.in howstuffworks.com

rheonetic.com
sensortech.com google.com