SCIENCE

FORM 5

Prepared by: Habibah bt Ujang

ANTIFUNGAL
SYMPTOMS ANTIBIOTICS PREVENTION

MICROORGANISMS
CLASSIFICATION
BACTERIA NUTRIENT FUNGI FOOD DIGESTION DECAYING PROCESS MEDICINE

DISEASES
TREATMENT CONTROL OF VECTOR STERILISATION IMMUNITY

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

USES IN VARIOUS ASPECTS

HUMIDITY
PROTOZOA VIRUSES

LIGHT INTENSITY
TEMPERATURE

AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY

ALGAE

pH

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
PROTOZOA FUNGI VIRUS

BACTERIA

MICROORGANISMS

ALGAE

Unicellular 0.5m - 10m Has a cell wall (not made of cellulose) Does not have a nuclear membrane Store food in the form of glycogen Some bacteria have flagella Exist in different shapes Reproduce asexually by binary fission Some can reproduce sexually by conjugation Can form spores Nutrition photosynthesis, Saprophytic and parasitic Wide range of habitat

BACTERIA

FUNGI

10m - 100m Some are microscopic (unicellular), some are large Do not have chlorophyll Most fungi have hyphae Have a cell wall Reproduce asexually (spores), sexually (conjugation) Saprophytic nutrition Parasitic nutrition Habitat soil, water, air & on bodies of living things

PROTOZOA

5m - 250m Unicellular animal, ex. Amoeba, paaramecium Reproduce asexually (spores), sexually (conjugation) Saprophytic nutrition (Amoeba,paramecium) Parasitic nutrition (Plasmodium) Habitat aquatic habitats (pond, drain, sea). Semi-aquatic habitat (damp soil)

VIRUSES

0.02m 0.4m ( 20 400 nm) Various shapes (spherical, rod or rocket) Have chaaracteristics of both living and non living things
-have nucleic acid

-can reproduce
-do not respire, feed or excrete - can be crystallised

Reproduce in living host

Paarasit

ALGAE

Unicellular and multicellular Contain chloroplast - photosynthesis Have a cell wall Reproduce asexually (binary fission or fragmentaation), sexually (conjugation)

Habitat Aquatic or semi-aquatic.

-Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra (pond and drain)

- Pleurococcus (damp and rough of tree trunk)

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS

HUMIDITY NUTRIENT pH

LIGHT INTENSITY

FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS

TEMPERATURE

EXPERIMENT 1

Hypothesis: Microorganisms grow and multiply more easily

when nutrient are present. Aim: To study how nutrients affect the growth of microorganisms Variables:

Manipulated variable: The presence or absent of nutrient

Responding variable: The growth of microorganisms Fixed variable: Temperature, pH, humidity, light intensity Operational definition: The growth of microorganisms is shown by the cloudiness of lime water.

Material: Yeast suspension, glucose, distilled water, lime

water. Apparatus: boiling tube fitted with a stopper carrying a

delivery tube, test tube.

Procedure:

Set-up of the apparatus

Two sets of apparatus are prepared as shown in the figure. Any changes to the lime water are observed Result: After a few minutes, the yeast suspension in set A turns frothy. It produces gas bubbles which turns the lime water cloudy. No changes occur in set B during the same period. Observation: Yeast is a microorganism. Glucose is a nutrient. Yeast breaks down glucose to obtain energy and produce carbon dioxide. Yeast becomes active and multiplies rapidly. In the presence of glucose. There is no activity of yeast in set B because distilled water does not contain any nutrient. Conclusion Microorganisms grow and multiply more easily when nutrients are present. The hypothesis is accepted.

EXPERIMENT 2

Hypothesis: Microorganisms grow rapidly in moist

condition. Aim: To study the effect of humidity on the growth of

microorganisms
Variables: Manipulated variable: Humidity (The present or absent of moisture) Responding variable: The growth of microorganisms Fixed variable: Temperature, pH, type of bread, nutrient content

Material: Two slices of fresh bread.

. Apparatus: Transparent plastic bag, cellophane tape.

Procedure:
Plastic bag

A: Moist bread

B: Dry bread

Set-up of the apparatus

Procedure:
Two slices of bread are obtained. One slice of bread is placed under the hot sun to dry it. Another slice of bread is put into a transparent plastic bag. The open end of the bag is sealed with cellophane tape. Both slices of bread are kept in a dark cupboard for a week. Any changes to the slices of bread are observed and recorded. Observation: After one week, the bread which is sealed in a plastic bag has turned mouldy.

The bread which has been dried does not have moulds growing in it. Discussion The bread which is sealed in a plastic bag remains moist. The humidity encourages the growth of moulds. No mould grow on the dried bread because there no moisture (for the mould to live) Conclusion Microorganisms grow and multiply more easily when nutrients are present. The hypothesis is accepted.

EXPERIMENT 3

Hypothesis: Microorganisms grow and multiply more easily

in the dark. Aim: To study the effect of light on the growth of

microorganisms
Variables: Manipulated variable: Light intensities (Bright or dark) Responding variable: The growth of microorganisms Fixed variable: Temperature, pH, the amount and type of nutrient

Material: Yeast suspension, glucose, distilled water, lime

water. Apparatus: boiling tube fitted with a stopper carrying a

delivery tube, test tube.

Procedure:

Set-up of the apparatus

Two sets of apparatus are prepared as shown in the figure. They are labelled as set A and set B respectively Set A is placed in a cupboard in the laboratory Set B is placed under the sun outside the laboratory When gas bubbles begin to emerge from the delivery tube, the stopwatch is turned on. The number of gas bubbles produced by the yeast in one minute is recorded for each set of apparaatus. Result:
Set of apparatus Light intensity Number of gas bubbles per minute

A
B

Dark
Bright

25
4

Discussion: The faster the yeast grows, the more carbon dioxide bubbles will produced. More carbon dioxide bubbles are produced per minute for the yeast which is kept in the dark.

Conclusion Microorganisms grow and multiply more easily in the dark. The hypothesis is accepted.

EXPERIMENT 4

Hypothesis: The growth of microorganisms is affected by

temperature. Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the growth of microorganisms Variables: Manipulated variable: Temperature Responding variable: The growth of microorganisms Fixed variable: pH, humidity, light intensity, the amount

and type of nutrient, type of bacteria.

Operational definition: The growth of microorganisms is

shown by the cloudiness of the

nutrient broth.

Material: Nutrient broth, culture of bacteria. Apparatus: Test tube, oven, refrigerator, labelling paper, 250 ml beakers, glass rod, test tube rack, 10 ml measuring cylinder, stoppers. Procedure:
5 C 30 C (Room temperature) 80 C

Nutrient broth + bacteria culture Set-up of the apparatus

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Three test tubes labeled A, B and C are prepared 5cm of nutrient broth is poured into each test tube. 1cm of bacteria culture is added into each test tube. The test tube A, B and C are plugged with cotton wool. Test tube A is placed in a refrigerator set at 5C .

6. Test tube B is placed at room temperature (30C). 7. Test tube C is placed in an oven at 80C.

8. The test tubes are left for 2 days. 9. The content of the test tubes are observed and recorded.
Result: Temperature (C) Cloudiness of the nutrient broth

5
30 80

Slightly cloudy
Very cloudy Slightly cloudy

Discussion: Microorganisms grow rapidly at room temperature whereas that are too cole or too hot are not suitable for bacterial growth. The hypothesis is accepted.

Conclusion
Bacteria grows and reproduces quickly at room temperature but not temperature that are too high or too low.

EXPERIMENT 5

Hypothesis: Neutral condition is suitable for the growth of microorganisms.

Aim: To study the effect of pH value on the growth of microorganisms Variables: Manipulated variable: pH value Responding variable: The growth of microorganisms Fixed variable: Volume of nutrient broth Operational definition: The growth of microorganisms is

shown by the cloudiness of the

nutrient broth.

Material / Apparatus Nutrient broth, culture of bacteria, distilled water, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, test tube, cotton wool.

Procedure:
Acidic Hydrochloric acid

Alkaline (Sodium hydrochloric solution)

Neutral (Distilled water)

Nutrient broth + bacteria culture Set-up of the apparatus

1. Three test tubes labeled A, B and C are prepared 2. 5cm of nutrient broth is poured into each test tube. 3. 1cm of bacteria culture is added into each test tube.

4. 1cm of hydrochloric acid, 1cm sodium hydroxide solution and 1cm

distilled water are added by using syringes into the nutrient broth in test tubes A, B and D respectively. 5. The test tubes A, B and C are plugged with cotton wool..

6. The test tubes are kept in the dark cupboard for 2 days. 7. The content of the test tubes are observed and recorded.
Result:

Test tubes A B

Condition of the nutrient Agar Acidic Alkaline

Cloudiness of the nutrient broth Slightly cloudy Slightly cloudy

Neutral

Very cloudy

Discussion: After two days, nutrient broth in test tubes A and B becomes only slightly cloudy because microorganisms do not grow well in acidid and alkaline conditions. In test tube C, the nutrient broth becomes very cloudy because microorganisms grow rapidly in neutral condition. The hypothesis is accepted.

Conclusion
Bacteria grows and reproduces rapidly in neutral condition

USES OF MICROORGANISMS
MEDICINE DECAYING PROCESS AGRICULTURE

FOOD DIGESTION

USES OF MICROORGANISMS

INDUSTRY

Examples of uses of microorganisms in food and manufacturing industries Type of industry Type of microorganism Product The process

Food industry

Rope industry Leather industry Cleansing or mining industry

THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS

Pathogen: Microorganisms that can cause diseases

PATHOGENS

BACTERIA Produce toxic chemical

PROTOZOA Produce toxic chemical

VIRUSES Enter and destroy host cell

FUNGI Produce enzyme for decomposition

Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria cholera Diphtheria Gonorrhoea Pneumonia Tetanus Tuberculosis Typhoid fever Whooping cough
Severe diarrhoea, vomiting, thirsty feeling, drylips, passing less urine, passing large amount of liquid faeces, severe cramps in the limb Sore throat, fever, swelling of the throat and larynx Male sufferer feel pain when urinating and release white thick liquid from the penis; eventual sterility Female sufferers feel pain in the reproductive organs such as the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes,ovariea Fluid in the lungs, fever pain, shivering

Muscular spasms, especially of the jaw muscles, fever, headache, grinning facial expression, stiffness of the limb Persisstence cough, greenish yellow and thick sputum, sputum streaked with blood, night sweat, weight loss, chest pain, tiredness, dark patches shown on X-ray film of chest Fever, mascular pain, diarrhoea

Tiredness, loss of epitite, severe and prolonged coughing, vomiting, running nose, watery eyes

Syphilis

Painless sores,non -itchy rashes, deformed joints,paralysis, insanity and death Infected child suffers from deafness, has abnormal teeth and bones

Diseases caused by pathogenic protozoa

dysentry
Diarrhoea, weak feeling, drylips, liquid faeces

Malaria

High fever with intervals of coldness, anemia, fatigue,pale skin and headache, dark coloured urine

Sleeping sickness

Fever, protracted lethargy, tremors, loss of weight

Diseases caused by pathogenic viruses Common cold And influenza Dengue fever Hepatitis (A or B) Measles Poliomyelitis Rubella Chicken pox AIDS
Severe diarrhoea, vomiting, thirsty feeling, drylips, passing less urine, passing large amount of liquid faeces, severe cramps in the limb

Sore throat, fever, swelling of the throat and larynx Male sufferer feel pain when urinating and release white thick liquid from the penis; eventual sterility Female sufferers feel pain in the reproductive organs such as the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes,ovariea Fluid in the lungs, fever pain, shivering

Muscular spasms, especially of the jaw muscles, fever, headache, grinning facial expression, stiffness of the limb Persisstence cough, greenish yellow and thick sputum, sputum streaked with blood, night sweat, weight loss, chest pain, tiredness, dark patches shown on X-ray film of chest Fever, mascular pain, diarrhoea

Tiredness, loss of epitite, severe and prolonged coughing, vomiting, running nose, watery eyes

Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi Ringworm

Severe diarrhoea, vomiting, thirsty feeling, drylips, passing less urine, passing large amount of liquid faeces, severe cramps in the limb

Athletes foot (tinea)

Sore throat, fever, swelling of the throat and larynx

Oral thrush

Male sufferer feel pain when urinating and release white thick liquid from the penis; eventual sterility Female sufferers feel pain in the reproductive organs such as the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes,ovariea

Pityriasis versicolour

Fluid in the lungs, fever pain, shivering

THE SPREAD OF DISEASES

CONTACT WATER VECTORS

AIR

CAN SPREAD THROUGH ..

FOOD

WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTIONS CAUSE BY MICROORGANISMS

CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES

VECTOR CONTROL

CONTROL OF HOUSEFLIES HEAT

STERILISATION PREVENTION

RADIATION

CHEMICAL

NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY IMMUNITY ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY ARTIFICIAL

Method of controlling used for each stage of the life cycle of mosquito.

Use insecticide aerosol spray on adult mosquitoes. Put up mosquito nets/repellents to prevent from being bitten by adult mosquitoes

Adult Pupa

Egg

Water Water larva Spray a layer of oil on the water surface to prevent pupa/larvae from breathing. Rear fish (eg guppies) to eat the pupa/larvae Destroy breeding grounds of mosquitoes by cleaning /draining swamps,ponds & containers filled with water

Method of controlling used for each stage of the life cycle of housefly.

Adult Use insecticide aerosol spray on adult fly.

At the egg, pupa and larva stages destroy the breeding ground of houseflies by disposal waste food, decaying matter & rubbish// burying //dispose//wrapping garbage properly

STERILISATION

HEAT

RADIATION

CHEMICALS

The bodys ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause diseases

IMMUNITY

Immune response the response of the WBC to invading pathogens result in the production of antibodies to attack specifically targeted antigen

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

PASIVE IMMUNITY

NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY

ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY

NATURAL PASIVE IMMUNITY

ARTIFICIAL PASIVE IMMUNITY

THE IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNITY

A PROGRAMME FOR VACCINATION

HOW DISEASES CAUSED BY PATHOGENS ARE TREATED

TREATMENTS

MODERN MEDICAL TREATMENT

ARTIFICIAL MEDICAL TREATMENT

ANTIBIOTICS

ANTISERUM

SYNTHETIC MEDICINES

SURGICAL METHODS OR OPERATION HERBAL TREATMENT ACUPUNCTURE

YOGA & MEDITATION

ANTIBIOTICS

EXPERIMENT

Hypothesis: Antibiotics penicillin kills bacteria

Aim: To study the effect of penicillin on bacteria Variables:

Manipulated variable: present of penicillin

Responding variable: The present of clear area / the growth of bacteria Fixed variable: Type of nutrient agar / Type of bacteria / temperature

Operational definition:

Apparatus / Material Bacteria culture, penicillin tablet, Two sterile Petri dishes containing sterile nutrient agar, sellotape, forceps, bunsen burner

Procedure:

Set-up of the apparatus

1. Using sterile Petri dishes and nutrient agar, set up two petri dishes as shown 2, Add a little culture of Bacillus subtilis in each petri dish and swirl the dishes to spread the culture solution evenly.

3. Place a penicillin tablet in the middle of petri dish P.

4. Tape the two petri dishes with sellotape. Invert the dishes and incubate at room temperature for two days 5. Observe the two petri dishes and tabulate the result in a table
Result: Petri dishes P ((with penicillin) Condition of the nutrient Agar Clear area around the penicillin tablet

BQ (without penicillin)

No clear area. Colonies of bacteria are present on the surface of the agar.

Discussion: Sterile petri dishes and nutrient agar are used to ensure that they are not contaminated with bacteria at the beginning of the experiment. Nutrient agar is assential to supply nutrient to the bacteria.

The petri dishes are incubated upside down . Petri dish Q is a control to show that the bacteria will grow without penicillin Conclusion An antibiotic such as penicillin kills bacteria

ANTISERUM

The method for preparing antiserum

SOALAN KUIZ

1. The diagram shows the classification of microorganisms

Classification of microorganisms

Virus

Bacteria

Fungi

Which organisms represent P and Q? P A Mucor B Euglena C Amoeba D Chlamydomonas Q Paramecium Influenza Yeast Amoeba

2. What A

is meant by pathogens?

Substances which are extracted from microorganisms to prevent the growth of bacteria Microorganisms which can produce antibiotics Microorganisms which can cause diseases to humans, animals and plants. Substances which are produced by our body to kill microorganisms.

B C D

3. Mucor A B

reproduces asexually by

binary fission forming spores

C
D

budding
meiosis

4. Which

of the following microorganisms have the smallest size?

A B C D Bacteria Fungi Viruses Algae

5. Which

of the following microorganisms have the simplest structure?

A B C D Bacteria Fungi Viruses Algae

6. Which

of the following microorganisms produce their own food?

A B C D Bacteria Fungi Viruses Algae

Which disease is caused by bacteria?

A B C D

AIDS Cholera Ringworm Dengue fever

8. Which

is the best method to sterilise feeding bottle?

A B C D Wash using antiseptic Wash using disinfectant Immerse in boiling water Expose to ultra violet rays

The diagram shows the life cycle of a mosquito. What is represent by Z? A B C D Egg Pupa Larva Imago

The diagram show a few examples of microorganisms.

Which of the following represent the type of microorganisms for P, Q, R and S?

P Q R Fungi Bacteria Virus Alga Fungi Bacteria Fungi Virus Bacteria Protozoa Alga Virus S Protozoa Virus Alga Bacteria

A B C D

Bacteria can be classified according to

A B C D size shape method of movement method of reproduction

The Diagram shows a type of microorganism.

What is the microorganism?

A Yeast B Mucor C Euglena D Paramecium

Which is the smallest microorganisms?

A B C D Algae Virus Fungi Bacteria

The figure shows an experiment to study the growth of bacteria at room temperature

In this experiment, the factor to be studied is

A B C D

pH nutrient light Temperature

Which diseases is spread by houseflies?

A B C D Dengue Cholera Malaria Hepatitis B

WHERE THERE IS A WILL THERE IS A WAY..

DISEDIAKAN OLEH: HABIBAH UJANG ITQAN