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John Busel
American Composites Manufacturers Association
January 9, 2007 Orlando Towers, Poles & Conductors Meeting
Outline
What is FRP ?
What is FRP ?
The Difference Between Composites and Other Materials
What is FRP ?
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
Definition: Composites are a combination of a reinforcement fiber in a polymer resin matrix, where the reinforcement has an aspect ratio that enables the transfer of loads between fibers, and the fibers are chemically bonded to the resin matrix.
Creates a material with attributes superior to either component alone!
What is FRP ?
Products made for utility structures are manufactured several ways
Pultrusion Filament Winding
What is FRP ?
Pultrusion Process
Heated Die
Cured Profile
Resin
Bridge decks, rebar, structural profiles, concrete & masonry structural strengthening, sheet piling, dowel bars, utility poles, grating
What is FRP ?
Filament Winding
Resin
Utility poles, columns, bridge girders, pipe, missiles, aircraft fuselage
FRP Benefits
Lightweight easy to handle and transport High Strength to weight ratio Corrosion resistant will not rot or corrode Non-conductive (essentially a large hot stick) Non-magnetic Impervious to pests and woodpecker attack Design Tailor material properties, some systems are
modular
Compatible use standard hardware Environmentally safe no leaching of toxic chemicals into soil
Installations
Remote Installations
Deadend Crossarms
FRP Performance
Claim by ManufacturersSince FRP structures are engineered like steel and prestressed concrete, and manufactured, they result in good initial strength consistency Question: Is this true?
FRP Performance
Answer: Yes EDM has performed numerous proprietary bending strength tests on FRP utility poles and crossarms for several manufacturers. Conclusion: the poles and crossarms yielded very consistent (low COV) as manufactured strength properties
FRP Performance
Actual 40' Filament Wound Pole Bending Strengths (Tested by EDM)
4,000 3,500 3,500 3,100 3,000
Load at Failure (lb)
COV = 6.1 %
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Pole 1 Pole 2 Pole 3 Pole 4 Pole 5
FRP Performance
Actual 40' Pultruded Pole Bending Strengths (Tested by Manufacturer)
COV = 3.4%
Load-Deflection very nearly linear
FRP Performance
The first FRP poles for overhead line application were designed using a net overload factor (Application Safety Factor) of 4.0, the same as required for (Grade B) wood construction Question: What factors are now being employed for FRP Utility Poles and Crossarms?
FRP Performance
The use of overload factors as applied to FRP utility poles is all over the map
Some using 3.0 Some using 3.85 Some still using 4.0
FRP Performance
Load-deflection curve very nearly linear Typical break is due to local stress rupture on the
compression face and is most often associated with local buckling
Kinematics of pole deflection cause loss of cross-section inertia as the pole begins to oval which means EI decreases Failure in area where applied stress first exceeds allowable stress Typical allowable stresses in the range of 25,000 psi to 45,000 psi
Load-deflection curve very nearly linear Typical break is due to local stress rupture on the
compression face and typically propagates from the attachment to the pole Crossarm breaks can also be snap breaks, or crushing breaks if crossarm mounted directly to pole without a bracket Failure in area where applied stress first exceeds allowable stress Typical allowable stresses in the range of 25,000 psi to 45,000 psi. FRP crossarms are typically pultruded and perform like pultruded poles
ASCE-111, Reliability-Based
For metal prestressed concrete, or fiber-reinforced polymer portions of structures and crossarms, guys, foundations and anchors, use a value of 1.50.
1.0
1.0 0.9 1.0
1.0
1.0 0.9 1.0
1.0 0.75
1.0 0.75
1.0
1.0
0.9 1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9 1.0