Fluid Mechanics

Which of the following is not a fluid?

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2.
3. 4. 5.

The atmosphere Steam Liquid nitrogen Plasma These are all fluids
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I. Properties of matter
A. States of matter 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas a. Liquids and gases together are referred to as fluids 4. Plasma

Which is the most common state of matter in the universe?

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2.
3. 4.

solid liquid gas plasma

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B. Density, (rho)
1. How much matter in a given space 2. density = mass/ volume = m/V a. Units kg / m3 (also g/cm3 if small) b. Density is a ratio c. Density is a constant for a given material

Which of the following has the greatest density?

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2.
3.

1 liter of ice 1 liter of water They are the same

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Which of the following is more dense?

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2.

3.

A whole Hershey bar Half a Hershey bar They have the same density

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Block A has a mass of 80 g. Block B has a mass of 120 g. Both A and B have the same volume. Which has the greatest density?
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A B They are the same

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What do you think is the densest material on Earth?

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2.
3. 4. 5.

Gold Platinum Diamond Osmium Pyrite

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See pg.275 for a table of common densities

3. Density of some other common materials:

a. water = 1.000 x 103 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3 b. Air = 1.29 kg/ m3 c. Interesting densities: units are x 103 kg/m3 platinum = 21.4 tungsten = 19.35 diamond = 3.5 titanium = 4.5 pyrite (fools gold) = 5.0 osmium osmium = 22.6

pyrite

The density of lead is 11.3 x 103 kg/m3. Which of the following molten materials would it float in? (see chart)
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2.
3.

iron gold It would float in both these materials

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Which of the following do you think is the most dense?

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2.
3.

Humid air Dry air They are the same

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Which is more dense, oil or water?

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2.

oil water

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Finding volume
a. Mathematically for regular shapes 1.) Box

2.) Cylinder
3.) Sphere

b. By displacement for irregular shapes

The units are discussed later

Block A has a mass of 80 g. Block B has a mass of 120 g. Both A and B have the same volume. Which would displace the most water, if completely submerged?
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2. 3.

A B It would be the same.

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An object pushes (displaces) water out of its way due to its volume, NOT its weight!

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c. The units for volume are:

1.) Any length cubed: ft3, m3 ,cm3, in3 2.) If using fluid displacement, units can also be: a.) liters, l or ml b.) Conversion: 1l = 1000 ml 1 ml = 1 cm3 (called cc in medicine)

1l=

If talking about water, 1000 cm3 = 1000 g =

1 kg

This is very important to remember when talking about buoyant forces!

Which of these is NOT a of water?

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2.
3. 4.

1000 kg/m3 1 g/cm3 103 kg/1000 ml 1 kg/l

Remember, 1000 ml = l liter, and 1 liter = I kg of water

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The density of water can be expressed at least 4 different ways depending on what units you have or what you are looking for: water = 1 x 103 kg/ m3 or 1000 kg/m3 water = 1 kg / 1 liter water = 1 kg / 1000 cm3 water = 1 g / cm3 water = 1 g / ml

Study guide # 1 find the mass of 146 ml of water

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2.
3.

146 kg 1.46 kg 0.146 kg

= m/V m = V = (1 kg) ( 146 ml) ( 1 l) (1 l ) (1000 ml) = 0.146 kg

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Study guide 1 b what is the weight of the water?

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1.43 N 0.143 N 0.0143 N

Fg = mg = (0.146 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 1.43 N

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Study guide 2 (you are given the volume in liters)

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2.
3.

0.0472 N 47.3 N 47236 N

Fg = m g, where m = V Fg = V g = ( 1 kg) (4.82 l) ( 9.81 m/s2) ( liter ) = 47.3 N

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How many cubic cm do you think there are in a cubic meter?

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100 1,000 1,000,000

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3.) Converting volume units can be tricky

Remember 1 m = 100 cm,

If write as powers of 10 1 m = 102 (100) cm

Therefore if you want to know how many cm3 there are in 1 m3, you would have to cube both sides of the above equation 1 m = 102 cm (both sides are equal)

(1m)3 = (102 cm)3 (cube both sides)

1 m3 = 106 cm3 (thats one million!)

Study guide #4 (will do before 3)

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2.
3. 4.

0.183 m3 0.0183 m3 0.00183 m3 1.83 x 10-5 m3

18.3 cm3 ( 1 m3) = 1.83 x 10-5 m3 (106 cm3)

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Study guide 3
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2.
3.

755 cm3 72520 cm3 0.072 cm3

Fg = mg = V g, solving for V V = Fg = 7.4 kg m/s2 g (1 kg ) (9.81 m/s2) (1000 cm3) = 755 cm3
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How many in3 are in 1 ft3 ?

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2.
3.

12 in3 144 in3 1728 in3

1 ft = 12 in need to cube both sides of equation (1 ft)3 = (12 in)3 1 ft3 = 1728 in3
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Study guide #5 just a conversion

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2.
3.

0.0597 ft3 0.717 ft3 8.6 ft3

103.2 in3 ( 1 ft3) (1728 in3) = 0.0597 ft3

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Study guide #6 (remember, 2.54 cm

= 1.0 inch; this is a 2 step conversion)
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2.
3. 4.

1.05 ft3 0.047 ft3 3.73 x 10-3 ft3 7.29 x 10-3 ft3

206.4 cm3 (1 in3) ( 1 ft3) (16.39 cm3) (1728 in3) = 7.29 x 10-3 ft3
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Study guide #7 (you know where

to find the density of iron)
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2.
3.

5.93 kg 59.3 kg 5.93 x 104 kg

= m / V, solving for m m=V = (7.86 x 103 kg)(755 cm3) (1 m3) m3 (106 cm3) = 5.93 kg
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4. Weight density is used in engineering, especially when dealing with water, oil or gasoline. Is usually in the English system.

a. w = Fg / V b. Units are lb / ft3 c. w of water is . . . Click in with your estimate on the next slide

What do you think the w of water is? (Answers are in lb/ft3)

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2.
3. 4.

0.624 6.24 62.4 624

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c. The weight density of water, w, is 62.4 lb/ft3

This value is usually used by engineers in fluid calculations, such as

Finding the water pressure exerted against a dam Finding the pressure at the bottom of a water tank Calculating how much power a pump needs to lift water or gas to a certain height, etc.

Study guide 8 (Hint: when given units are in the English system USE weight density, w, not density, . Dont try to convert!)
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2.

74.1 ft3 2.88 x 105 ft3

w = Fg / V V = Fg = 4623 lb w 62.4 lb/ft3 = 74.1 ft3

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Study guide 9 Check the units!

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2.
3.

1.68 lb 3.4 lb 40.3 lb

Vcylinder = r2h = (2 in)2 (7.4 in) = 93 in3 Fg = wV = (62.4 lb) (93in3) (1 ft3) ft3 (1728 in3) = 3.4 lb
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Study guide 10: the iron cylinder is 5.00 cm tall and 3.00 cm diameter. Check the units.
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2.
3. 4.

2.78 x 10-4 kg 0.278 kg 1.11 kg 7.86 kg

Vcylinder = r2h = (1.5 cm)2(5.0 cm) = (35 cm3)(1 m3) = 3.5 x 10-5 m3 (106 cm3) m = V= (7.86 x103 kg/m3)(3.5 x 10-5 m3) 0% = 0.28 kg
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II. Buoyant Force FB

A. FB is the upward force exerted by displaced fluid on an object (if you push water out of the way, it pushes back on you)
Do Lab Sink or Swim

B. Archimedes Principle
1. An immersed object is buoyed up by a FB equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. FB = Fg displaced fluid FB = m g FB = Vg or FB = w V
2. This object is lighter in the water because it is pushed up by a FB = weight of the water it pushed out of the way

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3.

In the picture below, what is the FB of the water pushing up on the weight? 1N 2N 3N

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If you weighed 120 lb and are floating in water, what is the weight of the water you displaced?
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< 120 lb > 120 lb 120 lb

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In which position would the lead cube shown have the greatest FB acting on it? 1. top 2. middle 3. bottom 4. All are same

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What is the density of this object? It is suspended in water. Answers are given in kg/m3. (solution on next slide.)
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2.04 x 102 8.00 x 102 7.86 x 103

solution on next slide

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You know the cube displaced 5N of water what volume would that be? (you need V to find density)

m = Fg / g, so mobject = 5N/ 9.81m/s2) V = m / water = (0.51kg) / 1000 kg/m3 V = 5.1 x 10-4 m3 = m/V = 4 kg / 5.1 x 10-4 m3 = 7.85 x 103 kg/m3

When an ice cube melts what happens to the water level in the glass?
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rises falls Stays the same

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Boat, lake question

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Goes up lowers Stays the same

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When the rock was in the boat, the rock took up more space (volume) - it pushed more water out of the way (had a greater buoyant force) so it floated (and the water level was higher) When the rock was dropped into the water, it didnt push as much water out of the way, so it sank (and the water level went down!)

2. Its volume that determines if you float or sink! Its an objects volume that displaces fluid and creates the FB.

a. FB < Fg

object sinks (downward Fnet)

1.) The weight of an object immersed in a fluid is less than its actual weight, and is called the apparent weight. You feel lighter when youre in the water. If a scale were attached to you, this would be your apparent weight or the Fnet acting on your body.

b. FB = Fg, no Fnet, FB + Fg = 0
1.) floating object will continue to float; it displaces its own weight in fluid 2.) submerged object will remain at any level, like a fish 3.) you would feel weightless, Fnet or apparent weight = 0.

c. FB > Fg submerged object will go to the top (upward Fnet), then object will float and FB = Fg or Fg + FB = 0
(think of pushing a beach ball under the water at the pool and then letting go. . .)

These 2 cylinders have the same exact volume. FA = - 39 N, FB = - 13 N. Next slide which will have the greatest FB exerted on it when submerged?

Which cylinder will have the greatest FB when submerged?

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A B Is the same

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Which cylinder will have the greatest apparent weight?

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A B Is the same
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FB is in a + direction

Fg is in a - direction

For both cylinders the apparent wt. or Fnet = Fg + FB, FB = Fnet - Fg

For cylinder A: FB = Fnet Fg = - 34N (-39 N) = 5 N For cylinder B: FB = Fnet Fg = - 8N (-13N) = 5N

The FB is the same because they have the SAME volume!

What is the FB acting on the submerged object?

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2.
3.

24 N 13N 11N

24 N in air

13 N in water

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What is the weight of the displaced fluid?

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2.
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11 N 13 N 24 N

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Harder question what volume of water in m3 was displaced by the cylinder? (Hint you need to find the mass of the water, and use density)
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0.108 m3 0.011 m3 0.00011 m3

24 N

24 N 13 N = 11 N, the weight
m = Fg / g = 11 N / 9.81m/s2 = 1.1 kg,
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= 0.00011m3

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V = m/ = 1.1kg / 1000kg/m3

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C. Formulas for FB
1. FB = weight of displaced fluid FB = Fg fluid = mfluidg can also find in terms of density since m = V FB = fluid V displaced fluid g or FB = w fluid Vdisplaced fluid
(remember this is weight density)

If no other forces are acting on the object (like a spring pulling up) then 2. Fnet = Fg + FB Fnet is the apparent weight (Your book uses FB Fg, because it is only using the magnitude of the forces, NOT the direction)

Study guide #11 Find FB of metal submerged in water

1. 2. 3. 4.

0.01 N 0.1 N 1N 10 N

01

Since in SI system will use FB = weight of displaced fluid = Vg = (1.00 x 103 kg) (100 cm3) ( 1m3) 9.81 m m3 (106 cm3) s2 = 1.0 N

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Study guide #12: metal is gold. .

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1.9 N 19 N 190 N

Fg = mg = Vg = (19.3 x 103 kg (100 cm3) (1 m3) 9.81 m m3 (106 cm3) s2 = 19 N

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Study guide 13
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2.
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-18 N -19 N -20 N

FB

Fnet = FB + Fg = 1 N + (- 19 N) = - 18 N

Fg

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To simplify directions
if we agree that FB and Fg are always in opposite directions, we can say that Fnet = Fg FB (using g as a + value, as we have been)

Study guide 14: Think, you are looking for the Fnet
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23.0 N 26.9 N 30.8 N 34.7 N

solution on the next slide
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You could do this problem 2 ways:

1st Fnet = Fg FB (since the 2 forces are opposite directions) a. Find Fg = mg = ironVg Fg = (7.86 x 103 kg)(400 cm3)( 1 m3) (9.81 m) = 30.8 N m3 (106 cm3) s2 b. Find FB = wt. of displaced fluid (water) = waterVg = (1000 kg) (400 cm3)( 1 m3) (9.81 m) = 3.94 N m3 (106 cm3) s2 So Fnet = 30.8 N 3.94 N = 26.9 N Easier solve with letters first! Fnet = Fg FB = ironVg - waterVg = gV (iron - water) = (9.81 m) (400 cm3)( 1m3) (7.86 x 103 1x103 kg) s2 (106 cm3) m3 = 26.9 N

Study guide 15 try to solve with letters first!

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4.9 N 5.6 N 56 N

Solution on next slide

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Fg = mg = leadV g FB = water V g (weight of displaced fluid)

The volume in both equations is the same value, so you can solve for V in one equation and substitute it into the other! Since we are looking for the weight of the lead, Fg, we should substitute into that equation. V = FB water g Fg = lead (FB ) g (notice the gs cancel) (water g) Fg = (11.34 x 103 kg) ( 4.9 N) = 56 N m3 (1x103 kg/m3)

Practice A, pg. 279 #2 what mass

can air mattress support before sinking?
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4.

980 N 953 N 100 kg 97 kg

The mattress must support its own weight + the load. Assume it will float with its surface exactly level with the surface of the water. Solution on next slide
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V = 2.00 m x 0.50 m x 0.10 m = 0.1 m3 FB = mg = V g = (1.0 x 103 kg/m3) (0.1 m3)( 9.81 m/s2) FB = 980 N, the maximum weight the mattress can support Fg = mg = (2.8 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 27.5 N, weight of the mattress FB Fg = 980 N - 27.5 N = 953 N, the maximum weight the mattress can support in addition to its own weight The problem asks for the mass that can be supported so m = Fg / g = 953 N / 9.81 m/s2 = 97 kg

Pg. 279, # 3
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2.
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256 N 9400 N 2.56 x 105 N

V = 4.0 m x 6.0 m x 0.04 m = 0.96 m3 FB = mg = V g = (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)(0.96 m3) (9.81 m/s2) = 9420 N

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Balloons are also submerged in the fluid of air and are supported by a FB

Pg. 279, practice A # 4 a (the balloon is spherical)

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2.
3.

1.04 N 5.58 N 6.62 N

V = 4/3 r3 = 4/3 (3.114)(0.5 m)3 = 0.523 m3 FB = Vg = (1.29 kg/m3)(0.523 m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 6.62 N
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Homework Pg. 288 8, 9, 20, 23, 24, 26 In order of difficulty, 20, 23,24, 26, 9, 8