EKA SETIA NUGRAHA

211110015
What is OFDM
How OFDM works
Advantages OFDM

OFDM is especial case of Multi-carrier
transmission, where a single data stream is
transmitted over a number of lower rate
subcarrier.
It distributes the data over a large number of
carriers that are spaced apart at precise
frequencies. This spacing provides the
"orthogonality" in this technique which prevents
the demodulators from seeing frequencies other
than their own.
Mathematically, the OFDM signal is expressed as a sum of generated
pulses shifted in the time and frequency directions and it is multiplied by
the data symbols. In continuous-time notation, the k-th OFDM symbol is
written as




o T = symbol length (time between two consecutive OFDM symbols)
o Tfft = FFT time (effective part of the OFDM symbol)
o Tguard = GI (duration of the cyclic prefix)
o Twin = window interval (duration of windowed prefix/postfix for spectral shaping)
o Fe = center frequency of the occupied frequency spectrum
o F = 1/Tfft = frequency spacing between adjacent sub-carriers
o N = FFT length (number of FFT points)
o k = index on transmitted symbol
o i = index on sub-carrier

=

=
+

+ + s s
1 2 /
2 /
) )( ( 2
,
) ( Re{
0
,
) (
N
N i
kT t
FFT
T
i
c
f j
k i
win FFT guard win
e x kT t w
otherwise T T kT t T T kT k RF
kT t S
t
An element x of an inner productspace X is said to be orthogonal to an
element ,ye X if (x, y)=0.
We also say that x and yare orthogonal, and we write Xy. Similarly,for subsets A, B c
X we write x. A if x.i a for all a e A, and A. B if ab for all a e A and all b e E B.
Discret Signal:

Continue Signal:

Digital communication systems
In time domain In frequency domain


OFDM
Two conditions must be considered for the
orthogonality between the subcarriers.
1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of cycles in the
FFT interval.
2. The number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers differs by
exactly one.

( ) ( )
*
1 ,
0 ,
i j
i j
x t x t dt
i j

}
( ) ( )
*
1 ,
0 ,
i j
i j
X f X f df
i j

}
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2
0 0
e e
s s s s s
s s
k n n k
N N
j t t j t t j t t t T t T
T T T
n n k
t t
n n
d dt d e dt d T
t t t


+ +
= =
= =

} }
An orthogonal set M in an inner product space X is a subset M c X
whose elements are pairwise orthogonal. An orthonormal set McX is
an orthogonal set in X whose elements have norm 1, that is, for all x,
ye M

Discrete Signal
Continu Signal

Inverse DFT and DFT are critical in the
implementation of an OFDM system.






IFFT and FFT algorithms are the fast
implementation for the IDFT and DFT.
In the IEEE 802.11a, the size of IFFT and
FFT is N=64.
2
1
0
1
[ ] [ ]
N
j kn
N
k
IDFT x n X k e
N
t

=
=

2
1
0
[ ] [ ]
N
j kn
N
n
DFT X k x n e
t

=
=

Signal representation of OFDM using

IDFT/DFT
Now, consider a data sequence ,
and ,




where , , and is an arbitrarily chosen symbol
duration of the serial data sequence .
( )
0 1 2 1
, , , , , ,
n N N
X X X X X X

=
k k k
X A jB = +
( ) ( )
1 1
2 / 2
0 0
1 1
, 0,1, 2 1,
k n
N N
j kn N j f t
n k k
k k
x X e X e n N
N N
t t

= =
= = =

( ) /
k
f k N t = A
n
t n t = A
k
X
t A




If these components are applied to a low-pass
filter at time intervals

( )
( )
1
0
Re
1
cos2 sin2 , 0,1, 2 -1.
n n
N
k k n k k n
k
s x
A f t B f t n N
N
t t

=
=
= =

( )
1
0
1
( ) cos2 sin2 , 0 .
N
k k k k
k
s t A f t B f t t N t
N
t t

=
= s s A

FFT :takes a random signal, multiplies it successfully

by complex exponentials over a range of frequencies.
The product is then summed and plotted as a coefficient
of the frequency


IFFT :The inverse FFT (IFFT) takes the above
spectrum and converts it back to time domain signal


Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
Signal
Mapper
IFFT
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Serial
Data
Input
x bits
0
d
1
d
1 n
d
0
s
1
s
1 n
s
D/A &
Low pass
Filter
Up-
Converter
Down-
Converter
A/D
Guard
Interval
Removal
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
FFT
One-tap
Equalizer
Signal
Demapper
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Serial
Data
Output
0

d
x bits
1

d
1

n
d
0
s
1
s
1

n
s
Channel
) (t s
Time
Frequency
Subchannels
Fast Fourier
Transform
Guard
Intervals
Symbols
In OFDM system design, the series and parallel
converter is considered to realize the concept of
parallel data transmission.
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
Serial
data
Parallel
data
s b
T NT =
b
T 2
b
T 0 0
t t
The process of mapping the information bits onto the
signal constellation plays a fundamental role in
determining the properties of the modulation.
An OFDM signal consists of a sum of sub-carriers, each
of which contains M-ary phase shift keyed (PSK) or
quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals.
Modulation types over OFDM systems
Phase shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
The transmitted M-ary QAM signal for symbol i can be
expressed as



where E is the energy of the signal with the lowest
amplitude, and , and are amplitudes
taking on the values, and,

where M is assumed to be a power of 4.
The parameter a can be related to the average signal
energy ( ) by

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
cos 2 sin 2 , 0 ,
n n c n c
E E
s t a f t b f t t T
T T
t t = s s
( )
2
, , 3 , , log 1 ,
n n
a b a a M a = .
( )
3
2 1
s
E
a
M
=

n
a
n
b
s
E
2
E a =
An example of signal-space diagram for
16-square QAM.

Time domain Frequency domain
Example of four subcarriers within one OFDM symbol

Spectra of individual subcarriers

OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol duration .
Guard Interval DATA
g
T T
Guard
interval
FFT integration duration
OFDM symbol duration
total g
T T T = +
Two different sources of interference can
be identified in the OFDM system.
Intersymbol interference (ISI) is defined as the
crosstalk between signals within the same sub-
channel of consecutive FFT frames, which are
separated in time by the signaling interval T.
Inter-carrier interference (ICI) is the crosstalk
between adjacent subchannels or frequency
bands of the same FFT frame.


For the purpose to eliminate the effect of ISI, the guard
interval could consist of no signals at all.
Guard interval (or cyclic extension) is used in OFDM
systems to combat against multipath fading.
:guard interval
:multi path delay spread

In that case, however, the problem of intercarrier
interference (ICI) would arise.
The reason is that there is no integer number of cycles
difference between subcarriers within the FFT interval.
g
T
delay spread
T

g delay spread
T T

>
To eliminate ICI, the OFDM symbol is
cyclically extended in the guard interval.
This ensures that delayed replicas of the
OFDM symbol always have an integer
number of cycles within the FFT interval,
as long as the delay is smaller than the
guard interval.
Guard Interval
(Cyclic Extension)
Time and frequency representation of
OFDM with guard intervals.
Time
Frequenc
y
T
T
g
1/T
Subchannels
Fast Fourier Transform
Guard
Intervals
Symbols
Advantages
Immunity to delay spread
Symbol duration >> channel impulse response
Guard interval
Resistance to frequency selective fading
Each subchannel is almost flat fading
Simple equalization
Each subchannel is almost flat fading, so it only
needs a one-tap equalizer to overcome channel
effect.
Efficient bandwidth usage
The subchannel is kept orthogonality with overlap.
TERIMA KASIH