PHP

PHP
Introduction
PHP
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor Originally called Personal Home Page Tools Popular server-side scripting technology Open-source
Anyone may view, modify and redistribute source code Supported freely by community
Platform independent
PHP
Basic application
Scripting delimiters
<? php ?>
Must enclose all script code
Variables preceded by $ symbol

Case-sensitive
End statements with semicolon Comments

// for single line /* */ for multiline
Filenames end with .php by convention

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  
Scripting delimiters
<?php $name = "LunaTic"; ?> // declaration
Declare variable $name
11 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 </p> </body>  Welcome to PHP, <?php print( "$name" ); ?>! </strong> <body style = "font-size: 2em"> <p> <strong> <head> <title>A simple PHP document</title>Single-line </head>
comment
Function print outputs the value of variable

$name
25 </html>
PHP
PHP
Variables
Can have different types at different times Variable names inside strings replaced by their value Type conversions
function Type casting
settype
Concatenation operator
. (period) Combine strings
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PHP
Data type Description int, integer Whole numbers (i.e., numbers without a decimal point). float, double Real numbers (i.e., numbers containing a decimal point). string Text enclosed in either single ('') or double ("") quotes. bool, Boolean True or false. array Group of elements of the same type. object Group of associated data and methods. Resource An external data source. NULL No value.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>PHP data types</title> </head> <body> <?php
Assign a string to variable

$testString
data.php (1 of 3)
Assign a double to variable Assign an integer to variable $testDouble
$testInteger
// declare a string, double and integer $testString = "3.5 seconds"; $testDouble = 79.2; $testInteger = 12; ?>
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 <?php print( $testString ); ?> is a string.<br /> <?php print( $testDouble ); ?> is a double.<br /> <?php print( $testInteger ); ?> is an integer.<br /> <br /> Now, converting to other types:<br /> <?php // call function settype to convert variable // testString to different data types print( "$testString" ); settype( $testString, "double" ); print( "$testString" );
Print each variables value
print( " as a double is $testString <br />" ); settype( $testString, "integer" );
data.php (2 of 3)
print( " as an integer is $testString <br />" ); settype( $testString, "string" );
Call function settype print( "Converting back to a string results in
to convert $testString <br /><br function settypetype of Call />" ); the data to variable $testString to a convert the data type of $data = "98.6 degrees"; double. variable $testString to an integer. Convert variable $testString back to a string
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ?> </body> // use type casting to cast variables to a // different type print( "Now using type casting instead: <br /> As a string - " . (string) $data . "<br />As a double - " . (double) $data . "<br />As an integer - " . (integer) $data );
53 </html>
Use type casting to cast variable $data to different types
data.php
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PHP
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PHP
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Syntactical shortcuts Before being assigned values, variables have value
undef
Constants
Named values define function
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Using arithmetic operators</title> </head> <body> <?php $a = 5;
Define constant VALUE.
print( "The value of variable a is $a <br />" ); // define constant VALUE define( "VALUE", 5 );
operators.php (1 of 3)
Add constant VALUE to variable $a.
// add constant VALUE to variable $a $a = $a + VALUE; print( "Variable a after adding constant VALUE is $a <br />" );
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// multiply variable $a by 2 $a *= 2; print( "Multiplying variable a by 2 yields $a <br />" ); // test if variable $a is less than 50 if ( $a < 50 )
Multiply variable $a by two using the multiplication assignment operator *=.
Test than 50 variable $a is less than 50 Print if variable $a is lesswhether .
print( "Variable a is less than 50 <br />" ); // add 40 to variable $a $a += 40;
print( "Variable a after adding 40 is $a <br />" ); // test if variable $a is 50 or less if ( $a < 51 )
print( "Variable a is still 50 or less<br />" );
Add 40 to variable $a using the addition assignment operator +=.
// test if variable $a is between 50 and 100, inclusive elseif ( $a < 101 ) print( "Variable a is now between 50 and 100, inclusive<br />" ); else print( "Variable a is now greater than 100 <br />" );
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49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 ?>
// print an uninitialized variable print( "Using a variable before initializing: $nothing <br />" ); // add constant VALUE to an uninitialized variable $test = $num + VALUE; print( "An uninitialized variable plus constant VALUE yields $test <br />" ); // add a string to an integer $str = "3 dollars"; $a += $str; <br />" ); </body>
Print an uninitializedVALUE to ($nothing). Add constant variable an uninitialized
print( "Adding a string to variable a yields $a
Add a string to an integer.
variable.
65 </html>
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PHP
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PHP
Keywords
Reserved for language features
ifelseifelse
Arrays
Group of related data
Elements
Name plus braces and index

Indices start at zero
count
function array function

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2 PHP
Arrays, cont.
Built-in iterators
Maintain pointer to element currently referenced
reset key next foreach
loops
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2 PHP
PHP keywords
and break case class continue default do else elseif extends false for foreach function global if include list new not or require return static switch this true var virtual xor while
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Array manipulation</title> </head> <body> <?php // create array first <br />" ); $first[ 0 ] = "zero"; $first[ 1 ] = Assign "one";
Create the array $first by assigning a value to an array element.
arrays.php (1 of 3)
print( "<strong>Creating the first array</strong>
a value to the array, omitting the index. $first[ 2 ] = Appends a Use a for loop to print outthe array. "two"; new element to the end of each elements index and value. Function count returns the total number of elements in the $first[] = "three"; array.
// print each elements index and value for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $first ); $i++ ) print( "Element $i is $first[$i] <br />" );
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26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 $third[ "ArtTic" ] = 21; $third[ "GalAnt" ] = print( "<br /><strong>Creating the third array </strong><br />" ); // call function array to create print( "<br /><strong>Creating the second array </strong><br />" );
Call function array to create an array that contains the arguments passed to it. Store the array in variable $second array second .
$second = array( "zero", "one", "two", "three" ); for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $second ); $i++ ) print( "Element $i is $second[$i] <br />" );
// assign values to non-numerical indices $third[ "LunaTic" ] = 18;
Assign values to non-numerical indices in array $third. 23; Function reset sets the internal pointer to the first element of the array.
arrays.php (2 of 3)
// iterate through the array elements and print each // elements name and value for ( reset( $third ); $element = key( $third ); next( $third ) ) print( "$element is $third[$element] <br />" );
Function key returns the index of the element which the internal pointer references. Function next moves the internal pointer to the next element.
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print( "<br /><strong>Creating the fourth array </strong><br />" ); // call function array to create array fourth using // string indices $fourth = array( "January" "March" "May" "July" "November" ); => "first", => "third", => => => "February" => "second", "April" => "fourth",
"September" =>
Operator =>=> used in function array to assign each is "sixth", "fifth", "June" element a => "eighth", "seventh", "August" string index. The value to the left of the "ninth", operator is the array index, and the value to the right is "October" => "tenth", the elements value. "eleventh","December" => "twelfth"
// print each elements name and value
arrays.php (3 of 3)
foreach ( $fourth as $element => $value ) print( "$element is the $value month <br />" ); </body>
68 </html>
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PHP
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String Processing and Regular Expressions

String processing
Equality and comparison two important operations strcmp function
Returns 1 if string 1 < string 2 Returns 0 if string 1 = string 2 Returns 1 if string 1 > string 2
Relational operators
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>String Comparison</title> </head> <body> <?php
Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.
// create array fruits
compare.php (1 of 2)
$fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" ); // iterate through for ( $i = 0; $i <
Function strcmp compares two strings. If the first string alphabetically precedes the second, then 1 is returned. If each array element the strings are equal, 0 is returned. If the first string count( $fruits ); $i++ ) { alphabetically follows the second, then 1 is returned.
// call function strcmp to compare the array element // to string "banana" if ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) < 0 ) print( $fruits[ $i ]." is less than banana " );
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25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ?> </body> }
elseif ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) > 0 ) print( $fruits[ $i ]. " is greater than banana " ); else print( $fruits[ $i ]." is Use relational operators equal to banana " ); // use relational operators to compare each element // to string "apple" if ( $fruits[ $i ] < "apple" ) print( "and less than apple! <br />" ); elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] > "apple" )
to compare each array element to string apple.
print( "and greater than apple! <br />" ); elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] == "apple" ) print( "and equal to apple! <br />" );
compare.php (2 of 2)
43 </html>
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Regular expressions
Pattern matching templates ereg function
POSIX
preg_match
function function
Perl
ereg_replace
Building regular expressions

Metacharacters
$, ., ^
Brackets [
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">   <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Regular expressions</title> </head> <body> <?php $search = "Now is
Function ereg searches for the literal the characters Now inside variable $search. time";
print( "Test string is: '$search'<br /><br />" ); // call function ereg to search for pattern 'Now' // in variable search if ( ereg( "Now", $search ) ) print( "String 'Now' was found.<br />" );
expression.php (1 of 3)
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// search for pattern 'Now' in the beginning of // the string if ( ereg( "^Now", $search ) ) of the line.<br />" ); // search for print( "String 'Now' found at beginning
The dollar sign special character ($) search for the pattern Now (^) matches the The caret special character at the end of the string.
beginning of a string. Function ereg searches the beginning of the string for string pattern 'Now' at the end of the pattern Now .
if ( ereg( "Now$", $search ) ) print( "String 'Now' was found at the end of the line.<br />" );
// search for any word ending in 'ow' $match ) )
if ( ereg( "[[:<:]]([a-zA-Z]*ow)[[:>:]]", $search, print( "Word found ending in 'ow': " . $match[ 1 ] . "<br />" ); // search for any words beginning with 't' print( "Words beginning
expression.php (2 of 3)
The expression inside the expressions [[:<:]] and , The special bracket parentheses, [a-zA-Z]*ow matches anypatternending beginning and end of a Placing a word in the in ow. The quantifier * [[:>:]] match parentheses stores the matched with 't' found: "); matches in the array that is specified in the third argument string therespectively. word, preceding pattern 0 or more times. to function ereg.
while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]", $search, $match ) ) { print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );
The pattern used in this example,
[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]], matches any The while word is used to find each occurrence of a loop beginning with the Function eregi is used to specify case character t followed by one or insensitive word in themore characters. Character class [[:alpha:]] string beginning with t. pattern matches.
recognizes any alphabetic character.
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// remove the first occurrence of a word beginning // with 't' to find other instances in the string $search = ereg_replace( $match[ 1 ], "", $search );
print( "<br />" );
54 </html>
expression.php
After printing a match of a word beginning with t, function ereg_replace is called to remove the word from the string. This is necessary be because to find multiple instances of a given pattern, the first matched instance must first be removed. Function ereg_replace takes three arguments: the pattern to match, a string to replace the matched string and the string to search.
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3 String Processing and Regular Expressions

Quantifier
{n} {m,n} {n,} + * ?
Matches
Exactly n times. Between m and n times inclusive. n or more times. One or more times (same as {1,}). Zero or more times (same as {0,}). Zero or one time (same as {0,1}).
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3 String Processing and Regular Expressions

Character class
alnum alpha digit space lower upper
Description
Alphanumeric characters (i.e., letters [a-zA-Z] or digits [0-9]). Word characters (i.e., letters [a-zA-Z]). Digits. Whitespace. Lowercase letters. Uppercase letters.
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Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables

Environment variables
Provide information about execution environment
Type of Web browser Type of server Details of HTTP connection
Stored as array in PHP

$_ENV
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Variable name $_SERVER $_ENV $_GET $_POST $_COOKIE $GLOBALS Description Data about the currently running server. Data about the clients environment. Data posted to the server by the get method. Data posted to the server by the post method. Data contained in cookies on the clients computer. Array containing all global variables.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Environment Variables</title> </head> <body> width = "100%"> <?php
<table border = "0" cellpadding = "2" cellspacing = "0"
env.php (1 of 1)
// print the key and value for each element // in the $_ENV array foreach ( $_ENV as $key => $value ) print( "<tr><td bgcolor = \"#11bbff\"> <strong>$key</strong></td> The foreach loop ?> </table> </body>
is used to print out the keys and <td>$value</td></tr>" each element in the $_ENV array. values for ); PHP stores environment variables and their values in the $_ENV array.
26 </html>
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Form Processing and Business Logic

Form processing
action property
Where to send form data

method property
post
Each element has unique name
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is Please fill
The action attribute of the form element indicates that when the user clicks Register, the a sample registration form.</h1> in all fields and click Register. posted to form.php. form data will be
form.html (1 of 4)
 <form method = "post" action = "form.php"> <img src = "images/user.gif" alt = "User" /><br /> <span style = "color: blue"> Please fill out the fields below.<br /> </span>
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 <img src = "images/fname.gif" alt = "First Name" /> <input type = "text" name = "fname" /><br /> <img src = "images/lname.gif"
A unique name (e.g., email) is assigned to each of the forms input fields. When Register is clicked, each fields name and value are sent to alt = "Last Name" /> the Web server.
<input type = "text" name = "lname" /><br /> <img src = "images/email.gif" alt = "Email" /> <input type = "text" name = "email" /><br /> <img src = "images/phone.gif" alt = "Phone" /> <input type = "text" name = "phone" /><br /> <span style = "font-size: 10pt"> <br /><br /> <img src = "images/downloads.gif" alt = "Publications" /><br /> <span style = "color: blue"> Which book would you like information about? </span><br />
Must be in the form (555)555-5555</span>
form.html (2 of 4)
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 <select name = "book"> <option>Internet and WWW How to Program 3e</option> <option>C++ How to Program 4e</option> <option>Java How to Program 5e</option> <option>XML How to Program 1e</option> </select> <br /><br /> <img src = "images/os.gif" alt = "Operating System" /> <br /><span style = "color: blue"> <br /></span> Which operating system are you currently using?
 checked = "checked" /> Windows XP
form.html (3 of 4)
<input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows XP"
<input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows 2000" /> Windows 2000 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows 98" /> Windows 98<br />
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74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 </body> 86 </html>  <input type = "submit" value = "Register" /> </form> <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Other" /> Other<br /> <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Linux" /> Linux
form.html
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5 Form Processing and Business Logic

Business logic
Confirm that valid information was entered extract function
Creates variables corresponding to each key-value pair in array Easily retrieve all values sent to PHP page
Regular expressions very helpful Do checks on client side where possible

JavaScript Conserves server resources
Ending a script
die
function
Remember to close all HTML tags
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Form Validation</title> </head>
<body style = "font-family: arial,sans-serif"> <?php extract( $_POST
Function ereg is called to determine whether the The parentheses in the expression must be phone number entered by the user is valid. followed by The expression $ matchesclosing three digits ([0-9]{3}), a the opening ); parenthesis, parentheses ofliteral hyphen and three digits, a a phone number. four additional digits.
form.php (1 of 4)
// determine whether phone number is valid and print // an error message if not if ( !ereg( "^\([0-9]{3}$[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$", $phone ) ){
We access the phone fields value from form.html by using variable $phone.
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22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 <p>Hi ?> }
print( "<p><span style = \"color: red; font-size: 2em\"> INVALID PHONE NUMBER</span><br /> A valid phone number must be in the form <strong>(555)555-5555</strong><br /> <span style = \"color: blue\"> Click the Back button, enter a valid phone number and resubmit.<br /><br /> Thank You.</span></p></body></html>" ); die(); // terminate script execution
Function die terminates script execution
form.php (2 of 4)
<span style = "color: blue"> <strong> <?php print( "$fname" ); ?> </strong> </span>. Thank you for completing the survey.<br />
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You have been added to the <span style = "color: blue"> <strong> <?php print( "$book " ); ?> </strong> </span> mailing list. </p> <strong>The following information has been saved in our database:</strong><br />
<table border = "0" cellpadding = "0" cellspacing = "10"> <tr> <td bgcolor = "#ffffaa">Name </td> <td bgcolor = "#ffffbb">Email</td> <td bgcolor = "#ffffcc">Phone</td> <td bgcolor = "#ffffdd">OS</td> </tr> <tr> <?php
form.php (3 of 4)
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// print each form fields value print( "<td>$fname $lname</td> <td>$email</td> <td>$phone</td> <td>$os</td>" );
<br /><br /><br /> This is only a sample form. </div> </body>
<div style = "font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"> You have not been added to a mailing list.
form.php (4 of 4)
81 </html>
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Verifying a Username and Password

Private website
Only accessible to certain individuals Encrypt username and password data when sending, storing and retrieving for increased security
Implementing password checking

Login information stored in file
fopen function
Read, write, append modes
Store data using fputs

\n newline
character
Close files when done

fclose function
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Implementing password checking, cont.
Trim newline character
chop
function function
Split string into substrings given a certain delimiter

split
If username/password match list, allow access
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Verifying a username and a password.</title> <style type = "text/css"> </style> </head>
td { background-color: #DDDDDD }
password.html (1 of 4)
<body style = "font-family: arial"> <p style = "font-size: 13pt"> Type in your username and password below. <br /> <span style = "color: #0000FF; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold"> Note that password will be sent as plain text </span> </p>
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 <form action = "password.php" method = "post"> <br />
Form data is posted to password.php.
<table border = "0" cellspacing = "0" style = "height: 90px; width: 123px; font-size: 10pt" cellpadding = "0"> <tr> <td colspan = "3"> </td> </tr> <tr> <strong>Username:</strong>
<td colspan = "3"> <input size = "40" name = "USERNAME" style = "height: 22px; width: 115px" /> </td> </tr>
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<tr> <td colspan = "3"> <strong>Password:</strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan = "3"> <input size = "40" name = "PASSWORD" style = "height: 22px; width: 115px" type = "password" /> <br/></td> </tr> <tr>
<td colspan = "1"> <input type = "submit" name = "Enter" value = "Enter" style = "height: 23px; width: 47px" /> </td> <td colspan = "2"> <input type = "submit" name = "NewUser" value = "New User" style = "height: 23px" /> </td>
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</tr> </table> </form> </body>
76 </html>
password.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <?php extract( $_POST );
Variable names, when preceded by the logical negation operator (!), return true if they are empty or set to 0. This checks if a user has submitted a form without specifying a username or password.
// check if user has left USERNAME or PASSWORD field blank if ( !$USERNAME || !$PASSWORD ) { fieldsBlank(); die(); }
password.php (1 of 7)
new user must be added.
Function fieldsBlank is called if the user has submitted an incomplete form to user has Function isset tests whether the notify the user that all the New User button, indicating pressed form fields must be completed. that a
// check if the New User button was clicked To add a if ( isset( $NewUser ) ) {
new user, we open the file password.txt in append mode and assign the file handle that is returned to variable $file.
// open password.txt for writing using append mode if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt", "a" ) ) ) {
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// print error message and terminate script // execution if file cannot be opened print( "<title>Error</title></head><body> Could not open password file </body></html>" ); die();
Print an error message and terminate script execution if the file cannot be opened.
// write username and password to file and // call function userAdded userAdded( $USERNAME ); else { // if a new user // for reading if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt", "r" ) ) ) { print( "<title>Error</title></head> <body>Could not open password file </body></html>" ); die(); fputs( $file, "$USERNAME,$PASSWORD\n" );
Function userAdded is called to print a message to the Function fputs writes the name and password to the user to indicate that the username and password were text file.. added to the file. is not being added, open file
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$userVerified = 0; // read each line in file and check usernamewhile Before entering the // and password while ( !feof(
loop, variable Function fgets reads a lineset to 0. text file. $userVerified is from the $file result !$userVerified variable $line. The ) && is assigned to ) {
The while loop executes as long as the there are more removes the newline character lines in the file to read end of the line. from the and variable $userVerified is Function split still 0 or empty. is called to separate the string at the // remove newline character from end of line specified delimiter (in this case, a comma). The $line = chop( $line ); The is stored entered by the user resulting array usernamein array $field. is tested against the one returned in the text file (stored // split username and password in the first element of the array). If they match, $field = split( ",", $line, 2 ); variable $userVerified is set to 1.
$line = fgets( Function chop $file, 255 );
// read line from file
// verify username if ( $USERNAME == $field[ 0 ] ) { $userVerified = 1;
If function // call function checkPassword to verify

// users password == true ) accessGranted( $USERNAME ); else wrongPassword();
checkPassword returns true, function accessGranted is called to notify the client that
if ( checkPassword( $PASSWORD, $field ) permission
has been granted. Otherwise, function wrongPassword is called.
Function checkPassword is called to verify the users password. Variable $PASSWORD and array $field are passed to the function.
60
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 } } }
// close text fclose( $file
If variable $userVerified has not been set to a value otherAfter 0, function loop has executed, function than the while accessDenied is file fclose is called to close has been called to notify the client that access the file. ); denied. Function checkPassword compares the users password to the password in the file. If they match, true is returned, whereas false is returned if they do not.
// call function accessDenied if username has // not been verified if ( !$userVerified ) accessDenied();
// verify user password and return a boolean { return true; else return false;
function checkPassword( $userpassword, $filedata ) if ( $userpassword == $filedata[ 1 ] )
61
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
// print a message indicating the user has been added function userAdded( $name ) { print( "<title>Thank You</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: userAdded Function arial; font-size: 1em; <strong>You have been added to the user list, $name. <br />Enjoy the }
prints a message to the color: blue\"> client indicating that the user has been added.
Function accessGranted prints a site.</strong>"message to the client indicating that ); permission has been granted.
// print a message indicating permission // has been granted { function accessGranted( $name )
print( "<title>Thank You</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: blue\"> <strong>Permission has been granted, $name. <br /> Enjoy the site.</strong>" ); }
62
120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
// print a message indicating password is invalid function wrongPassword() { print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: red\"> <strong>You entered an invalid password.<br />Access has been denied.</strong>" ); }
Function wrongPassword prints a message to the client indicating that the password is invalid.
// print a message indicating access has been denied function accessDenied() {
print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: red\"> <strong> You were denied access to this server. <br /></strong>" ); }
Function accessDenied prints a message to the client indicating that access has been denied.
63
142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 ?>
// print a message indicating that fields // have been left blank function fieldsBlank() {
print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: red\"> <strong> Please fill in all form fields. <br /></strong>" ); } </body>
Function fieldsBlank prints a message to the client indicating that all form fields have not been completed.
155 </html>
password.php
64
65
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
account1,password1 account2,password2 account3,password3 account4,password4 account5,password5 account6,password6 account7,password7 account8,password8 account9,password9
10 account10,password10
password.txt
66
Connecting to a Database
Databases
Store and maintain data MySQL is a free database product PHP supports many database operations
Access databases from Web pages
67
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Sample Database Query</title> </head> <body style = "background-color: #F0E68C"> Querying a MySQL database. </h2>
<h2 style = "font-family: arial color: blue">
data.html (1 of 2)
-->
<form method = "post" action = "database.php"> <p>Select a field to display:   -->

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Search Results</title> </head>
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif" style = "background-color: #F0E68C"> <?php
Build the select query and assign the string to variable $query.
database.php (1 of 3)
Function mysql_connect returns a database handle which represents PHPs connection to a database. If this connection is not made, function FROM Books"; die is called to terminate script execution.
extract( $_POST ); // build SELECT query $query = "SELECT " . $select . " // Connect to MySQL
if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost", "httpd", "" ) ) ) die( "Could not connect to database" );
72
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 <?php <h3 style = "color: blue"> Search Results</h3> ?> } // query Products database if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) { print( "Could not execute query! <br />" ); die( mysql_error() ); // open Products database
Function ) if ( !mysql_select_db( "Products", $database ) mysql_query

die( "Could not open Products
returns an object database" ); containing the result set of the query, which we assign to variable $result.
Function mysql_select_db is called to specify the database to be queried.
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2" style = "background-color: #ADD8E6">
The for loop iterates through each record in the result set while // fetch each record in result set constructing an XHTML table from for ( $counter = 0; the results. Variable $counter is $row = mysql_fetch_row( $result incremented by one for each row ); $counter++ ){ Function mysql_fetch_row returns an retrieved. array containing the elements of each row in the result set of our query ($result).
73
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 </body> 75 </html> </h5> </table> ?> }
// build table to display results print( "<tr>" ); foreach ( $row as $key => $value ) print( "<td>$value</td>" ); print( "</tr>" );
mysql_close(
The foreach loop iterates through the array containing the elements of each row and prints out each element in an $databaseThe total number of results are printed to the ); individual table cell. client.
<br />Your search yielded <strong>
<?php print( "$counter" ) ?> results.<br /><br /></strong> <h5>Please email comments to <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com"> Deitel and Associates, Inc. </a>
74
75
Cookies
Cookies
Store information on client computer Track preferences and other information Stored as text files on hard drive Never store sensitive information, such as credit card numbers, in a cookie
Security risk
Cookies and PHP

setcookie
function
Name Value Expiration date
76
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Writing a cookie to the client computer</title> </head>
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif; background-color: #99CCFF">
<h2>Click Write Cookie to save your cookie data.</h2>
cookies.html (1 of 2)
77
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
<form method = "post" action = "cookies.php" style = "font-size: 10pt"> <strong>Name:</strong><br /> <input type = "text" name = "NAME" /><br /> <strong>Height:</strong><br /> <input type = "text" name = "HEIGHT" /><br /> <strong>Favorite Color:</strong><br /> <input type = "text" name = "COLOR" /><br />
Form data is posted to cookies.php.
<input type = "submit" value = "Write Cookie" font-weight: bold" /></p> </form> </body>
style = "background-color: #F0E86C; color: navy;
cookies.html (2 of 2)
33 </html>
78
Cookies
79
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
<?php // Fig. 26.21: cookies.php // Program to write a cookie to a client's machine extract( $_POST ); // write each form fields value to a cookie and set the // cookies expiration date setcookie( "Name", $NAME, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 ); setcookie( "Height", $HEIGHT, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 ); setcookie( "Color", $COLOR, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
11 ?> 12 13 14 15
Function setcookie takes the name of the cookie to be set as the first argument, <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" the value to be stored in the followed by "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> cookie. The optional third argument specifies the expiration date of the cookie.
<head> <title>Cookie Saved</title> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"> <p>The cookie has been set with the following data:</p>
cookies.php (1 of 2)
16 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
80
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
 <br /><span style = "color: blue">Name:</span> Each <?php print( $NAME ) ?><br /> <span style = "color: blue">Height:</span> <?php print( $HEIGHT ) ?><br /> <span style = "color: blue">Favorite Color:</span> <span style = "color: <?php print( "$COLOR\">$COLOR" ) ?> </span><br /> <p>Click <a href = "readCookies.php">here</a> to read the saved cookie.</p> </body>
form fields value is printed to confirm the data that has been set as a cookie with the user.
38 </html>
cookies.php (2 of 2)
Hyperlink to readCookies.php.
81
Cookies
82
Cookies
Reading cookies
$_COOKIE environment
variable
Array
foreach loop
to access each element
Split into key and value
83
Cookies
Cookie storage
Internet Explorer
Stores cookies in Cookies directory Text file
84
Cookies
85
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head><title>Read Cookies</title></head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"> <p> <strong> computer. </strong> </p>
The following data is saved in a cookie on your
readCookies.php (1 of 2)
86
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
<table border = "5" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "10"> <?php // iterate
The foreach loop iterates through the $_COOKIE PHP creates array $_COOKIE which contains array and prints the name and value of each cookie all cookie values indexed by their names. through array $_COOKIE and print in an XHTML table.
// name and value of each cookie foreach ( $_COOKIE as $key => $value ) print( "<tr> <td bgcolor=\"#F0E68C\">$key</td> <td bgcolor=\"#FFA500\">$value</td> </tr>" ); ?> </table> </body>
33 </html>
readCookies.php (2 of 2)
87
Cookies
88
Dynamic Content in PHP

Dynamically alter XHTML content
Forms action property set to same page that contains it Perform different actions when page is loaded and form is submitted
isset variable
Check for errors

Write different XHTML when errors encountered
$$variable syntax
References variable whose name equals the value of $variable
If input is valid, make MySQL database calls

89
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title>
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 <?php extract ( $_POST ); $iserror = false;
dynamicForm.php (1 of 9)
Build array of options for the form.
// array of book titles $booklist = array( "Internet and WWW How to Program 3e", "C++ How to Program 4e", "Java How to Program 5e", "XML How to Program 1e" );
90
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
// array of possible operating systems $systemlist = array( "Windows XP", "Windows 2000", "Windows 98", "Linux", "Other"); // array of name and alt values for the text input fields $inputlist = array( "fname" => "First Name", "lname" => "Last Name", "email" => "Email", "phone" =>
If the page is being loaded as a result of a form submission,errors or omissionsandform field Check for do error checking in then retrieve "Phone" ); information from the database. input.
if ( isset ( $submit ) ) { if ( $fname == "" ) { $iserror = true; } if ( $lname == "" ) {
$formerrors[ "fnameerror" ] = true;
$formerrors[ "lnameerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; }
91
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
if ( $email == "" ) { $formerrors[ "emailerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; } if ( !ereg( "^$[0-9]{3}$[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$", $phone ) ) { $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; } if ( !$iserror ) {
// build INSERT query
$query = "INSERT INTO contacts " .
"( LastName, FirstName, Email, Phone, Book, OS ) " . "VALUES ( '$lname', '$fname', '$email', " . "'" . quotemeta( $phone ) . "', '$book', '$os' )"; // Connect to MySQL if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost", "httpd", "" ) ) ) die( "Could not connect to database" ); // open MailingList database if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) ) die( "Could not open MailingList database" );
If there were no errors, query the MySQL database.
92
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 <table border = '0' cellpadding = '0' cellspacing = '10'> <tr> <td bgcolor = '#ffffaa'>Name</td> <td bgcolor = '#ffffbb'>Email</td> <td bgcolor = '#ffffcc'>Phone</td> print( "<p>Hi <span style = 'color: blue'> <strong>$fname</strong></span>. Thank you for completing the survey.<br /> You have been added to the } // execute query in MailingList database if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) { print( "Could not execute query! <br />" ); die( mysql_error() );
<span style = 'color: blue'> mailing list. </p>
<strong>$book</strong></span>
<strong>The following information has been saved in our database:</strong><br />
93
98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 } }
<td bgcolor = '#ffffdd'>OS</td> </tr> <tr>  <td>$fname $lname</td> <td>$email</td> <td>$phone</td> <td>$os</td> </tr></table>
<br /><br /><br />
<div style = 'font-size: 10pt; text-align: center'> <div style = 'font-size : 18pt'> <a href = 'formDatabase.php'> This is only a sample form. </div></body></html>" ); die();
Halt the script so the form-generation code does not execute.
Click here to view entire database.</a></div> You have not been added to a mailing list.
print( "<h1>This is a sample registration form.</h1> Please fill in all fields and click Register." );
94
123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 } print( "<br />" ); if ( $formerrors[ ( $inputname )."error" ] == true ) print( "<span style = 'color : red'>*</span>" ); print( "<img src = 'images/$inputname.gif' alt = '$inputalt' /><input type = 'text' print( " <form method = 'post' action = 'dynamicform.php'> <img src = 'images/user.gif' alt = 'User' /><br /> <span style = 'color: blue'> </span> Please fill out the fields below.<br /> } if ( $iserror ) { print( "<br /><span style = 'color : red'> Fields with * need to be filled in properly.</span>" );
" ); foreach ( $inputlist as $inputname => $inputalt ) { $inputtext = $inputvalues[ $inputname ];
Fill in the forms using $$variable syntax.
If the form input contained errors, place a red asterisk (*) next to the text field.
name = '$inputname' value = '" . $$inputname . "' />" );
95
149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 if ( ( $currbook == $book ) ) print( " selected = 'true'" ); print( "<option" );  <select name = 'book'>" ); foreach ( $booklist as $currbook ) { <img src = 'images/downloads.gif' alt = 'Publications' /><br /> <span style = 'color: blue'> </span><br /> print( "'>Must be in the form (555)555-5555 </span><br /><br /> if ( $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] ) print( "; color : red" ); print( "<span style = 'font-size : 10pt" );
Which book would you like information about?
Make sure the correct book is selected in the dropdown box.
96
174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 } }
print( ">$currbook</option>" );
print( "</select><br /><br /> <img src = 'images/os.gif' alt = 'Operating System' /> <br /><span style = 'color: blue'> Which operating system are you currently using? <br /></span> " ); $counter = 0;
foreach ( $systemlist as $currsystem ) { value =
print( "<input type = 'radio' name = 'os'
Make sure the correct OS is checked in the checkbox. '$currsystem'" );
if ( $currsystem == $os ) print( "checked = 'checked'" ); if ( $iserror && $counter == 0 ) print( "checked = 'checked'" ); print( " />$currsystem" ); if ( $counter == 2 ) print( "<br />" ); $counter++;
97
200 201 202 203 204 ?>
print( " <br /> <input type = 'submit' name = 'submit' value = 'Register' /> </form></body></html>" );
dynamicForm.php
98
99
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">   -->
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Search Results</title> </head>
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif" style = "background-color: #F0E68C"> <?php
formDatabase.php (1 of 3)
Build the query string.

extract( $_POST ); // build SELECT query $query = "SELECT * FROM contacts"; // Connect to MySQL if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost", "httpd", "" ) ) ) die( "Could not connect to database" );
101
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 <tr> <td>ID</td> <td>Last Name</td> <td>First Name</td> <td>E-mail Address</td> <td>Phone Number</td> <td>Book</td> ?> } // query MailingList database if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) { print( "Could not execute query! <br />" ); die( mysql_error() ); // open MailingList database if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) ) die( "Could not open MailingList database" );
<h3 style = "color: blue">
Mailing List Contacts</h3>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2" style = "background-color: #ADD8E6">
102
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 </body> 75 </html> ?>
<td>Operating System</td> </tr> <?php // fetch each record in for ( $counter = 0; $row = mysql_fetch_row( $result ); $counter++ ){ // build table to print( "<tr>" );
Retrieve each mailing list member record from the resultdatabase. set
foreach ( $row as $key => $value ) print( "<td>$value</td>" ); print( "</tr>" ); } mysql_close( $database );
Dynamically create a table display results containing each mailing list member.
</table>
103
104
Operator Precedence
Operator new [] ~ ! ++ -@ * / % + . << >> < > <= >= == != === !== Type
constructor subscript bitwise not not increment decrement unary negative error control multiplication division modulus addition subtraction concatenation bitwise shift left bitwise shift right less than greater than less than or equal greater than or equal equal not equal identical not identical
Associativity
none right to left right to left
left to right
left to right
left to right none
none
105
Operator & ^ | && || = += -= *= /= &= |= ^= .= <<= >>= and xor or ,
Operator Precedence
Type
bitwise AND bitwise XOR bitwise OR logical AND logical OR assignment addition assignment subtraction assignment multiplication assignment division assignment bitwise AND assignment bitwise OR assignment bitwise exclusive OR assignment concatenation assignment bitwise shift left assignment bitwise shift right assignment logical AND exclusive OR logical OR list left to right left to right left to right left to right left to right left to right
Associativity
left to right left to right left to right left to right
106

PHP

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PHP

Must enclose all script code

Variables preceded by $ symbol

End statements with semicolon Comments

Filenames end with .php by convention

Declare variable $name

Function print outputs the value of variable

Assign a string to variable

Print each variables value

print( " as a double is $testString <br />" ); settype( $testString, "integer" );

print( " as an integer is $testString <br />" ); settype( $testString, "string" );

Call function settype print( "Converting back to a string results in

Use type casting to cast variable $data to different types

Define constant VALUE.

Multiply variable $a by two using the multiplication assignment operator *=.

Test than 50 variable $a is less than 50 Print if variable $a is lesswhether .

print( "Variable a is less than 50 <br />" ); // add 40 to variable $a $a += 40;

print( "Variable a is still 50 or less<br />" );

Add 40 to variable $a using the addition assignment operator +=.

Print an uninitializedVALUE to ($nothing). Add constant variable an uninitialized

print( "Adding a string to variable a yields $a

Name plus braces and index

function array function

Create the array $first by assigning a value to an array element.

print( "<strong>Creating the first array</strong>

// assign values to non-numerical indices $third[ "LunaTic" ] = 18;

// print each elements name and value

String Processing and Regular Expressions

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>String Comparison</title> </head> <body> <?php

Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.

// create array fruits

$fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" ); // iterate through for ( $i = 0; $i <

to compare each array element to string apple.

String Processing and Regular Expressions

String Processing and Regular Expressions

Building regular expressions

// search for any word ending in 'ow' $match ) )

while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]", $search, $match ) ) { print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );

The pattern used in this example,

recognizes any alphabetic character.

print( "<br />" );

String Processing and Regular Expressions

3 String Processing and Regular Expressions

3 String Processing and Regular Expressions

Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables

Stored as array in PHP

Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables

<table border = "0" cellpadding = "2" cellspacing = "0"

Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables

Form Processing and Business Logic

Where to send form data

Each element has unique name

Must be in the form (555)555-5555</span>

<input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows XP"

Form Processing and Business Logic

5 Form Processing and Business Logic

Regular expressions very helpful Do checks on client side where possible

Remember to close all HTML tags

<body style = "font-family: arial,sans-serif"> <?php extract( $_POST

Function die terminates script execution

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 ?> </tr> </table>

Form Processing and Business Logic