Synchronous Optical NETwork North American TDM physical layer standard for optical fiber communications 8000 frames/sec.

(Tframe = 125 sec)

compatible with North American digital hierarchy

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) elsewhere

Needs to carry E1 and E3 signals Compatible with SONET at higher speeds

Greatly simplifies multiplexing in network backbone OA&M support to facilitate network management Protection & restoration

Pre-SONET multiplexing: Pulse stuffing required demultiplexing all channels

MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX

Remove tributary

Insert tributary

SONET Add-Drop Multiplexing: Allows taking individual channels in and out without full demultiplexing
MUX ADM Remove tributary Insert tributary DEMUX

Defines electrical & optical signal interfaces Electrical

Multiplexing, Regeneration performed in electrical domain STS Synchronous Transport Signals defined Very short range (e.g., within a switch) Transmission carried out in optical domain Optical transmitter & receiver OC Optical Carrier

Optical

SONET Electrical Signal STS-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48 STS-192
STS: Synchronous Transport Signal

Optical Signal OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48 OC-192
OC: Optical Channel

Bit Rate (Mbps) 51.84 155.52 466.56 622.08 933.12 1244.16 1866.24 2488.32 9953.28

SDH Electrical Signal N/A STM-1 STM-3 STM-4 STM-6 STM-8 STM-12 STM-16 STM-64
STM: Synchronous Transfer Module

DS1 DS2 E1 DS3 44.736 ...

Low-speed mapping function Medium speed mapping function Highspeed mapping function Highspeed mapping function

STS-1 51.84 Mbps STS-1 ... STS-n STS-3c Scrambler

MUX

OC-n
E/O

E4 139.264

STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1

STS-3c

ATM or POS

By Functionality

ADMs: dropping & inserting tributaries Regenerators: digital signal regeneration Cross-Connects: interconnecting SONET streams Section Terminating Equipment (STE): span of fiber between adjacent devices, e.g. regenerators Line Terminating Equipment (LTE): span between adjacent multiplexers, encompasses multiple sections Path Terminating Equipment (PTE): span between SONET terminals at end of network, encompasses multiple lines

By Signaling between elements

PTE LTE SONET terminal STE MUX Reg STE Reg STE Reg

PTE LTE MUX SONET terminal

Section

Section

Section

Section

STS Line STS-1 Path

STE = Section Terminating Equipment, e.g., a repeater/regenerator LTE = Line Terminating Equipment, e.g., a STS-1 to STS-3 multiplexer PTE = Path Terminating Equipment, e.g., an STS-1 multiplexer

Often, PTE and LTE equipment are the same Difference is based on function and location PTE is at the ends, e.g., STS-1 multiplexer. LTE in the middle, e.g., STS-3 to STS-1 multiplexer.

Path Line Section Optical

Path Line Section Optical Section Optical Section Optical Section Optical Line Section Optical Line Section Optical

SONET has four layers

Each layer has its own protocols

Optical, section, line, path Each layer is concerned with the integrity of its own signals SONET provides signaling channels for elements within a layer

SONET streams carry two types of overhead Path overhead (POH):

inserted & removed at the ends Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) consisting of Data + POH traverses network as a single unit processed at every SONET node TOH occupies a portion of each SONET frame TOH carries management & link integrity information

Transport Overhead (TOH):

Mbps 810 Octets per frame @ 8000 frames/sec 90 columns A1 A2 J0 1 Order of 2 transmission 9 rows J1

810x64kbps=51.84

B1 E1 F1 B3 D1 D2 D3 C2 H1 H2 H3 G1 B2 K1 K2 F2 D4 D5 D6 H4 D7 D8 D9 Z3 D10 D11 D12 Z4 S1 M0/1 E2 N1

Special OH octets: A1, A2 Frame Synch B1 Parity on Previous Frame (BER monitoring) J0 Section trace (Connection Alive?) H1, H2, H3 Pointer Action K1, K2 Automatic Protection Switching

3 Columns of Transport OH

Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) 1 column of Path OH + 8 data columns

Path Overhead Data

Section Overhead Line Overhead

Frame k

Pointer

First octet 87 Columns

Synchronous payload envelope

Pointer

9 Rows

Last octet

Frame k+1 First column is path overhead

Pointer indicates where SPE begins within a frame Pointer enables add/drop capability

Consider system with different clocks (faster out than in) Use buffer (e.g., 8 bit FIFO) to manage difference Buffer empties eventually One solution: send stuff Problem: Need to signal stuff to receiver
FIFO
1,000,000 bps 1,000,001 bps

Frame k

Pointer First octet of SPE

Frame k

Pointer First octet of SPE

Frame k+1

Stuff byte Pointer First octet of SPE (a) Negative byte stuffing Input faster than output Send extra byte in H3 to catch up

Frame k+1

Stuff byte Pointer First octet of SPE (b) Positive byte stuffing Input is slower than output Stuff byte to fill gap

Synchronize each incoming STS-1 to local clock

Terminate section & line OH and map incoming SPE into a new STS-1 synchronized to the local clock This can be done on-the-fly by adjusting the pointer

All STS-1s are synched to local clock so bytes can be interleaved to produce STS-n
STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 Incoming STS-1 frames Map Map Map STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 Byte STS-3 Interleave

Synchronized new STS-1 frames

Order of transmission

1 2 A1 A2 J0 J1

J0 A1 A2 J1 B1 E1 F1 B3 J0 A1 A2 J1 B3 B1 E1 F1 D1 D2 D3 C2 B3 B1 E1 F1 D1H1 D2 D3 C2 H2 H3 G1 D1H1 D2 D3 C2 H2 H3 G1 B2 K1 K2 F2 H1 H2 H3 G1 B2 K1 K2 F2 D6 D4 D5 H4 B2 K1 K2 F2 D6 D4 D5 H4 D9 Z3 D7 D8 D6 H4 D4 D5 D9 Z3 D7 D8 D10 D11 D12 Z4 D9 Z3 D7 D8 D10 D11 D12 Z4 N1 S1 M0/1 E2 D10 D11 D12 Z4 N1 S1 M0/1 E2 N1 S1 M0/1 E2

Concatenated Payload OC-Nc

N

x 87 columns

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 N1

Needed if payloads of interleaved frames are locked into a bigger unit Data systems send big blocks of information grouped together, e.g., a router operating at 622 Mbps H1,H2,H3 tell us if there is concatenation STS-3c has more payload than 3 STS-1s STS-Nc payload = Nx780 bytes OC-3c = 149.760 Mb/s OC-12c = 599.040 Mb/s OC-48c = 2.3961 Gb/s OC-192c = 9.5846 Gb/s
SONET/SDH needs to handle these as a single unit

(N/3) 1 columns of fixed stuff

87N - (N/3) columns of payload

Backbone of modern networks Provide high-speed connections: Typically STS-1 up to OC-192 Clients: large routers, telephone switches, regional networks Very high reliability required because of consequences of failure
1 STS-1 = 783 voice calls; 1 OC-48 = 32000 voice calls;
Telephone Switch Router Router

Transport Network

Telephone Switch Telephone Switch Router

MUX

ADM Remove tributary Insert tributary

DEMUX

SONET ADMs: the heart of existing transport networks ADMs interconnected in linear and ring topologies SONET signaling enables fast restoration (within 50 ms) of transport connections

ADMs connected in linear fashion Tributaries inserted and dropped to connect clients

Tributaries traverse ADMs transparently Connections create a logical topology seen by clients Tributaries from right to left are not shown
2 1 3

T = Transmitter = Receiver

W = Working line R P = Protection line

T Bridge

R Selector

Simultaneous transmission over diverse routes Monitoring of signal quality Fast switching in response to signal degradation 100% redundant bandwidth

1:1 Linear APS

Switch Switch

APS signaling

Transmission on working fiber Signal for switch to protection route in response to signal degradation Can carry extra (preemptible traffic) on protection line

1:N Linear APS

Switch Switch

T T

W1 W

R R

R R

T T

Wn P
APS signaling

Transmission on diverse routes; protect for 1 fault Reverts to original working channel after repair More bandwidth efficient

ADMs can be connected in ring topology Clients see logical topology created by tributaries
(b)

(a)

a
OC-3n OC-3n

b b c
Logical fully connected topology

OC-3n Three ADMs connected in physical ring topology

2 vs. 4 Fiber Ring Network Unidirectional vs. bidirectional transmission Path vs. Link protection

Spatial capacity re-use & bandwidth efficiency Signalling requirements

Two fibers transmit in opposite directions Unidirectional

Working traffic flows clockwise Protection traffic flows counter-clockwise 1+1 like

Selector at receiver does path protection switching

P W = Working Paths
No

spatial re-use Each path uses 2x bw

P = Protection Paths 3

P W = Working line P = Protection line 3

Low complexity Fast path protection 2 TX, 2 RX No spatial re-use; ok for hub traffic pattern Suitable for lower-speed access networks Different delay between W and P path

1 working fiber pair; 1 protection fiber pair Bidirectional

Working traffic & protection traffic use same route in working pair 1:N like Restoring a failed span Switching the line around the ring

Line restoration provided by either:

1 Equal delay W

Standby bandwidth is shared

P 2

Spatial Reuse 3

1 W Equal delay

P 4

Switching restores failed line

Span

Fault on working links

1 W Equal delay

P 4

Switching restores failed lines

Line

Fault on working and protection links 3

High complexity: signalling required Fast line protection for restricted distance (1200 km) and number of nodes (16) 4 TX, 4 RX Spatial re-use; higher bandwidth efficiency Good for uniform traffic pattern Suitable for high-speed backbone networks Multiple simultaneous faults can be handled

Regional ring

Metro ring

Interoffice rings

UPSR OC-12

BLSR OC-48, OC-192 UPSR or BLSR OC-12, OC-48

Managing bandwidth can be complex Increasing transmission rate in one span affects all equipment in the ring Introducing WDM means stacking SONET ADMs to build parallel rings Distance limitations on ring size implies many rings need to be traversed in long distance End-to-end protection requires ringinterconnection mechanisms Managing 1 ring is simple; Managing many rings is very complex