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Circuit A
2V1
Circuit B
This is just a manual example, but we can create such dependent sources electronically. We will create a new symbol for dependent sources.
V A V VX
Voltage-controlled voltage source V = Av Vcd Current-controlled voltage source V = Rm Ic Current-controlled current source I = Ai Ic Voltage-controlled current source I = Gm Vcd
+ _
Av Vcd
+ _
Rm Ic
Ai Ic
Gm Vcd
AMPLIFIER MODEL
Circuit Model in linear region + + + A(V+-V-) V0 V+-V
This model when used correctly mimics the behavior of an amplifier but omits the complication of the many transistors and other components. We will learn more about the amplifier next week.
R3
Vb
R5
Vc
VSS
AvVc
R4
R6
ISS
Va VSS Va A v Vc Va Vb 0 R1 R2 R3
Vb Va Vb Vb Vc 0 R3 R4 R5
Vc Vb Vc ISS R5 R6
ISS
I2
R2
R4
Rm I2
Va Vb ISS R1
Vb Va Vb Rm I2 I2 0 R1 R3
Vb I2 R2
ANOTHER EXAMPLE
R1
Va
Rm I2
| +
Vb
V1
R2
R3
R4
I2
Va V1 Vb I2 0 R1 R4
Vb Va Rm I2
Va I2 R2
INTUITION A dependent source is like a krazy resistor, except its voltage (current) depends on a different current (voltage). If the controlling voltage or current is zero, the dependent voltage source will have zero voltage (and the dependent current source will have zero current). There must be independent sources in the circuit for nonzero voltages or currents to happen! Math explanation: Node voltage analysis leads to
Ax = b
The A matrix is nonsingular for real circuits, and is made of resistor values and dependent source parameters. The b vector is made of independent voltage & current source values. If b is zero and A is nonsingular, the solution must be zero!