Presented by Lakshman V

UNDERSTANDING RE-ENTRY MOTION RE- RNTRY DESIGN

DECELERATION HEATING ENTRY CORRIDOR

DESIGINING RE-ENTRY VEHICLE

VEHICLE SHAPE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

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LIFTING RE-ENTRY
CONCLUSION

Re-entry coordinate system is based on Newton's laws , we place the origin of re-entry coordinate system at the center of mass at the start of re-entry . We then analyze the motion with respect to this fixed center. Z is convenient principal angle which is down to earth center of motion X is direction along local horizontal in the direction of motion V is velocity vector Y is re-entry flight path angle which is angle between velocity vector and local horizontal.

Various forces acting on space shuttle Force of gravity Force of drag Force of lift For shuttle, meteors and Intercontinental ballistic missiles entering the atmosphere at orbiteral velocity considered as Re-entry vehicle is a point mass. Drag is dominance force all other forces including lift and gravity are insignificant.

Reentry corridor

A narrow corridor along which a spacecraft must travel during reentry in order to pass safely through the atmosphere and achieve a successful landing y known as reentry corridor. Size of the corridor depends on deceleration ,heating and accuracy. If the vehicle enters lower boundary (undershoot) it will experience too much drag , slowing rapidly and heating up too quickly. if the vehicle enters the upper boundary, it wont experience enough drag and may literally skip off the atmosphere, back to space.

To slow down the rate of advancement . The most important problem that a re-entry mission has to face is the atmospheric deceleration. The deceleration forces can be as great as 600 to 900N for unmanned space probes. Space shuttles use their wings to skim the atmosphere and stretch the slow down period to more than 15 minutes and thereby reducing the deceleration forces to about 15N. The maximum deceleration a vehicle experiences during re-entry must be low enough to prevent damage or injury to the weakest part of the vehicle. Too little deceleration can also cause serious problems, a vehicle that doesnot slow down enough may literally bounce off the atmosphere and back into the cold reaches of space. Re-entry velocity and flight path angle affects the deceleration.

higher re-entry velocity means greater maximum deceleration.

steeper the re-entry angle the more severe the peak deceleration. vehicle with a steeper re-entry angle plunges deeper into the atmosphere before reaching the maximum deceleration.

The major concern of re-entry is to find a way to survive the aerodynamic heating .this is known as Thermal Barrier. The diversion of heat by strong shock waves is the result of molecular interaction in the gas around the vehicle. When molecules strike the forward surface they bounce back. Many of the rebounding particles collide with the oncoming molecules diverting them from the surface and preventing them by heating it by direct impact. A blunt nose produces the strongest shock wave. There are two ways in which the total energy is dissipated from the vehicle. They are: By waves unloading major part of the heat on the atmosphere by the shock waves. To radiate heat away from hot surface of the vehicle.

The diversion of heat by strong shock waves is the result of molecular interaction in the gas around the vehicle. A blunt nose produces the strongest shock wave.

maximum heating rate increases as the re-entry velocity goes up

the higher the re-entry velocity, the higher the total heat load

the following methods can disperse the heat reaching the vehicle: Making skin material thick enough to act as a sink. Radiation cooled shield with a thin metal skin and negligible heat sink capacity may be used To use a heat shield constructed of inoculated layer of fiberglass and similar materials (Ablation). Another mode of radiating heat is by undergoing multiple passes through the atmosphere; heat developed on each approach is radiated away in the next loop. Insulating plates of quartz fiber glued to skin creates a heat shield that protects against fierce heat.

we can think of the upper or overshoot boundary as the skip out boundary. A vehicle entering the atmosphere above this boundary risks bouncing off the atmosphere and back into space. While hard to quantify exactly, this boundary is set by the minimum deceleration needed to capture the vehicle. Changes to re-entry velocity or ight-path angle dont move this boundary signicantly. Therefore, we can change the size of the re-entry corridor most effectively by tackling the lower or undershoot boundary.

The re-entry vehicles size and shape help determine the ballistic coefficient (BC) and the amount of lift it will generate.

Maximum deceleration, a max, is the same in all cases! But the altitude of max varies with BC. The higher the BC , the deeper it plunges into the atmosphere before reaching a max. This means a streamlined vehicle spends less time in the atmosphere and reaches the ground long before a blunt vehicle.

Maximum heating rate is much more severe for the high-BC vehicle and occurs much lower in the atmosphere. Blunt vehicles have detached shock waves that spread the heat of re-entry over a relatively large volume. The air ow near the surface of blunt vehicles tends to inhibit convective heat transfer. Thus, the heating rate for blunt vehicles is relatively low. Streamlined vehicles, on the other hand, have attached shock waves. This situation concentrates a large amount of heat near the sharp tip causing it to reach very high temperatureshot enough to melt most materials.

 The material used to protect a spacecraft from the heat

encountered when entering an atmosphere

Absorption of the heat by the surface materials by the temperature rise, phase change or chemical change. Rejection of heat by mass efflux from the surface and or radiation.

Reusable TPS

No change in the mass and properties of materials after exposure to entry atmosphere Characteristics of reusable TPS is seen that radiative and convective heating resulting a significant amount of energy being re-radiated to from the heated surface with remainder conducted into the TPS material. It is limited to mild entry environments.

The pyrolysis process is typically endothermic and the pyrolysis gases are heated as they percolate toward the surface thus transferring some energy from the solid to the gas. The injection of the pyrolysis gases into the boundary layer alters the boundary layer properties then resulting in a reduction in convective heating.

Reinforced carbon-carbon High-temperature reusable surface insulation Fibrous refractory composite insulation Felt reusable surface insulation Low-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation Advanced flexible Reusable Surface Insulation Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation Flexible Insulation Blankets

A space vehicle designed to utilize aerodynamic lift upon entering the atmosphere. lifting force to stretch the size of the corridor and allow a greater margin of error in re-entry velocity or angle. Lifting re-entry applications Space shuttle Aerobraking

During aerobraking it enters the atmosphere at a shallow angle to keep maximum deceleration and heating rate within limits. Drag then reduces its speed enough to capture it into an orbit.
To pull out of the atmosphere, it changes its angle of attack and lift.

Aerobraking Concept.