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Huawei Confidential
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Objectives
After this course, you will learn about optical cables and optical fibers, including their definitions, parameters, features, structures, classification, and applications.
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications
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Optical fiber
Optical Transmission Principle Optical signals are transmitted inside the optical fiber by total internal reflection.
Incidence angle (from core to cladding) Critical angle n1 (refractive index of core) > n2 (refractive index of cladding)
Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) and Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) SMF: only one propagation path at a certain incidence angle or direction MMF: multiple propagation paths at multiple incidence angles or directions SMF Core diameter: 8-10 m MMF Core diameter: 50-62.5 m
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Optical Cables
Combines OFs through cannulating, stranding, tube optical cable coating, and metal armoring so that OFs can live up to engineering applications Optical cable Three optical cable structures shown on the right to meet different applications by changing Commonly used optical cable components such as jacket
Stranded loose Slotted core ribbon optical cable Unity tube optical cable
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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications
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Mechanically
Environmentally
Highly waterproof, moisture-proof, anti-thunderbolt, anti-rat bite, high/low-temperature resistant under various application environments or climates
Optically
Dependent on optical fiber parameters mainly including attenuation, dispersion, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), cutoff wavelength, and minimum bending radius
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anti-stretch
Strength member,Aramid yam Metal armor Metal armor, sheath cable structure Strength ,material,member,sheath and armor . cable structure armor
anti-pressure
anti-shock
Metal armor
anti-bending
Coated aluminum armored Filling Water-Proof compound Water-resistant strap Water-resistance yarn
anti-twisting
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Function: radial water-resistance, sealing, buffering Material: oil, addictive, thickener Function: enhanced anti-stretch, certain buffering Material: synthetic fiber with the highest strength
Function: mechanical protection for optical cables against external force Material: stainless steel strand
Function: mechanical protection against stretch or pressure Material: Metal: phosphatic/stainless steel strand of high strength Non-metal: glass-fiber reinforced plastic pole
Function: buffering for protection of optical fibers (including inner sheath and outer sheath) Material: (flame-retardant) polythene, PVC, polyurethane Function: mechanical protection for optical cables against external force, moisture-proof Material: aluminum tape, copolymer film
Function: mechanical protection for optical fibers, axial water-resistance Material: polybutylece terephthalate (PBT)
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Structure of Slotted Core Ribbon Optical Cable and Unity Tube Optical Cable
8. Slot identification marker
Function: radial water-resistance Material: polyester fiber non-woven fabric (film), water swelling material Function: optical cable protection Material: HDPE
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Function: easy sheath peel-off through horizontally pulling the string. Material: aramid yarn/polyester yarn Function: axial water-resistance Material: yarn, water swelling material
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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications
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By application scenario
Routing mode
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Duct
GYTY53 GYTC8S
Outdoor use, ointment as fillers, PE sheath, microGCYFTY trenching routing non-metal strength member Stranded loose tube structure, indoor use, low smoke GJBFJH zero halogen (LSZH) sheath, single-mode, G.652D, non-metal strength member, indoor routing GLFXTS Unity tube structure, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armor, aramid yarn, water-resistant strap, directly-buried routing Unity tube structure, outdoor use, LSZH sheath, singlemode, G.657A, aramid yarn or glass yarn, outdoor routing Slotted core structure, outdoor use, strength member, aluminum tape armor, dry structure, PE sheath, outdoor duct or aerial routing Bow-type, indoor use, LSZH sheath, 1/2 cores, singlemode, G.657A, strength member, drop cable
GYDGA
Indoor
GJBH
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GYTA
Stranded loose tube structure, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armored PE sheath, strength member, 8/12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores Applicable to duct or non-self-supporting aerial routing
GYTA Feature
Description
Simple structure, easy-to-peel Ointment as fillers, water-resistant Special water-resistant compound filled in the stranded loose tube Aluminum polyethylene laminate (APL) moisture barrier
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Replace the steel tape with the aramid yarn and use the non-metal strength member
GYTY53
Outdoor use, ointment as fillers, corrugated steel tape armor, PE sheath, 8/12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores, strength member, directly-buried routing
GYTY53 Feature
Description
Dual-layer sheath Ointment as fillers, water-resistant Corrugated steel tape armor, pressure-resistant Special water-resistant compound filled in the stranded loose tube
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Remove the steel tape and use the non-metal strength member
GYTC8S
Ointment as fillers, corrugated steel tape armor, PE sheath, 8/12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores, strength member, self-supporting aerial routing
GYTC8S Feature
Description
Stranded loose tube figure-8 aerial selfsupporting structure, free of accessory installation Load-bearing steel strand, more stretch force Steel tape armor, water-resistant and pressureresistant
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Vertical or horizontal routing, stranded loose tube structure, indoor, LSZH sheath, 4/8/12/24 cores, single-mode, G.652D, non-metal strength member, indoor routing All-dry structure 2 mm sub-units, easy for indoor horizontal routing Simple structure, practical High-quality coating, good mechanical and environment protection LSZH flame-retardant sheath, environment friendly Single-core branch, horizontal routing
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Feature
Slotted core structure, outdoor use, strength member, aluminum armor, dry structure, PE sheath, 12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores, outdoor duct or aerial routing Water-resistant strap, good water-resistant performance Slot groove without ointment, clean and efficient installation High-density fiber ribbon design, small diameter, and light weight Openable slot groove, easy for branching Slot identification marker to identify optical cables, easy installation and operation APL moisture barrier
Feature
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Unity tube
Unity tube structure, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armor, aramid yarn, waterresistant strap, PE sheath, directly-buried routing
Steel tape, good pressure resistance performance Strengthened aramid yarn, good anti-stretch performance PBT loose tube, good water resistance and high strength; special ointment as fillers for fiber protection
Unity tube structure, outdoor use, LSZH sheath, 2/4/8/12 cores, single-mode, G.657A, aramid yarn or glass yarn PBT loose tube, good water resistance and high strength; special ointment as fillers for fiber protection Aramid yarn or glass yarn, good stretch performance Ripcord for easy peeling of the optical cable LSZH flame-retardant sheath, environment friendly
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Use the non-metal strength member and the load-bearing steel strand
GJBH
Bow-type, indoor use, LSZH sheath, 1/2 cores, single-mode, G.657A, strength member, drop cable
G.657A optical fiber with a small bending radius and good bending performance Two parallel strength members for good antistretch and anti-pressure performance, fiber protection Unique groove design for easy fiber separating, easy installation and maintenance LSZH flame-retardant sheath, environment friendly
Feature
Structure
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Air-blown micro cable, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, PE sheath, 6/12/24/36/48 cores, non-metal strength member, micro-trenching routing
Small diameter, light weight, moderately soft, applicable for air-blown routing All non-metal structure, free of grounding High density, with ducts and holes fully utilized High air-blown speed, long air-blown distance, and high efficiency in fiber routing Batch-by-batch blowing of optical cables to meet gradual increase of communications services and phased investments to reduce early-stage investments Blowing of micro cables, facilitating use of new types of optical fibers/cables in the future to stay ahead technically
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Tight-Buffer Optical Fiber, Pigtail, Patch Cord, and Flexible Drop Cable
Tight-buffer Optical Fiber Pigtail Patch Cord Flexible Drop Cable
G652D
G657A
Optical fiber with a coating of buffer materials. Type: outer diameter of 600 m/900 m Application: used as the indoor tight-buffer optical fiber or used separately on the node equipment.
Single-core or multicore optical fiber with an optical connector at only one end. Type: SC/FC/LC Application: used for fusion splicing of optical fibers for the node equipment.
Single-core or multi-core optical fiber with an optical connector at each end. Type: SC-SC/SCFC/SC-LC/FC-FC/FCLC/LC-LC Application: used for port connection between devices.
G657A: bending radius of 7.5 mm; used as the drop cable, patch cord, or pigtail. G657B: bending radius of 5 mm; a considerable loss when connected to the G652D optical fiber; used only as the patch cord.
G657B
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Distribution point
FDT SPL
Access point
ONT
ONT
Application
Outdoor: Slotted strap cable GYDGA easy to branching used as vertical-horizontal cables in the buildings Vertical-horizontal laying :GJBFJH
friendly Simple structure Small bending radius HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Easy fiber separating
Indoor Bow-type cable GJBFH Villa outdoor drop cable GYBFCH Huawei Confidential Page 22
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications
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Attenuation
Definition = 10log(P0/PL)/L (dB/km)
: attenuation coefficient; P0: input optical power; PL: output optical power after L; L: transmission distance
The smaller attenuation coefficient, the longer transmission distance without relay. Function The power of optical signals, after L transmission distance, must be within the
power range supported by the optical terminal. Otherwise, bit error occurs.
The following figure lists the attenuation coefficients of common optical fibers
Attenuation Coefficients of Common Optical Fibers over different wavelengths. It can be seen that the attenuation coefficients of G.652D and G.657A optical fibers are the same.
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Dispersion
Definition
Dispersion indicates the optical pulse broadening phenomenon caused by different group velocities of different wavelengths in an optical fiber. Dispersion coefficient is the dispersion value per unit length of fiber and per unit of spectral width, with the unit of ps/(nm*km). Dispersion coefficients of Huawei G.652D optical fiber
Function
Dispersion limits the transmission capacity and transmission distance. The smaller dispersion, the longer transmission distance without relay. The figure on the right lists the transmission distances of the G652D optical fiber (nondispersion shifted single-mode optical fiber) at different transmission rates due to dispersion limitation.
Zero dispersion wavelength is the wavelength with zero dispersion. Currently, the zero dispersion wavelength of Huawei G.652D optical fiber is within 1310-1324 nm. A single-mode optical fiber selects the window of zero dispersion wavelength to achieve larger capacity and higher rate.
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PMD
Definition
In transmission over a single-mode optical fiber, the fundamental mode has two orthogonal polarizations that travel different speeds, and therefore they arrive at the Rx end at different times (see the figure on the right). The time difference between these two orthogonal polarizations per unit of length is the polarization mode dispersion (PMD), in the unit of ps/km.
PMD, a statistical value, indicates the pulse broadening feature. It limits the transmission capacity and transmission distance. Theoretically, the following formula can calculate how the PMD affects the transmission capacity and transmission distance. 2 2 B L PMD = 22 2
[Gb / s ] [ km]
B: transmission capacity L: maximum transmission distance
Function
[ ps / km ]
Taking the G652D optical fiber as an example, the figure on the right shows how the PMD value affects the rate and distance.
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Cutoff Wavelength
Definition
The cutoff wavelength is a parameter for the single-mode optical fiber, indicated by c, When the transmission wavelength exceeds the cutoff wavelength, the optical fiber can transmit optical signals of only one mode (fundamental mode). When the transmission wavelength is smaller than the cutoff wavelength, the optical fiber can transmit optical signals of multiple modes (including high-order mode).
Function
The cutoff wavelength of a single-mode optical fiber must be smaller than the operating wavelength of the optical communication system. When the actual operating wavelength is smaller than the cutoff wavelength, the optical fiber works in the dual-mode area, which generates noises. This directly results in deterioration of the transmission performance and decrease of the bandwidth.
The cutoff wavelength of an optical fiber varies with the distance. Actual practices focus more on the cutoff wavelength of optical cables. ITU-T defines the cutoff wavelength of optical cables (testing with 2 m optical fiber and 22 m optical cable), as listed in the following table. Optical Fiber Type
G.652 (A, B, C, D) G.654 (A, B) G.655 G.656 G.657 (A, B)
Cutoff Wavelength of a 2 m Optical Fiber
Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1250 nm Cutoff Wavelength of a 22 m Optical Cable
1350-1600 nm
Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1440 nm Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1440 nm Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1250 nm
Note: Special application scenarios refer to those with the maximum bending radius.
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MFD
Definition
The mode field diameter (MFD) is a measure of the spatial extend of the fundamental-mode electric and magnetic field strengths in the cross-sectional area of an optical fiber. This parameter indicates the optical power density of an optical fiber.
The smaller MFD, the larger power density passing through the
Function
cross-sectional area of an optical fiber. An excessively larger density causes a non-linear effect, which affects the system performance. For communication optical fibers, the larger MFD, the better. Fusion splicing of optical fibers with different MFDs causes power loss. For example, fusion splicing of the G.657B and G.652 optical fibers causes a power loss of more than 0.5 dB.
MFD
From the following table, it can be seen that the G.657A optical fiber can well interoperate with the G.652 optical fiber.
Wavelength
1310 nm 1550 nm 1500 nm 1310 nm 1310 nm
MFD
8.6-9.5 um 8-11 um 7-11 um 8.6-9.5 um 6.3-9.5 nm
Tolerance
+/- 0.6 um +/- 0.7 um +/- 0.7 um +/- 0.4 um +/- 0.4 um
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Definition
an optical fiber is loosely coiled around a cylinder for 100 turns, the loss increase should be less than 0.1 dB for the 1625 nm wavelength. The radius of the thinnest cylinder that meets the preceding requirement is the minimum bending radius of the optical fiber for the 1625 nm wavelength.
Function
Bending radius
ITU-T defines the minimum bending radius of different optical fibers. The following table lists the minimum
bending radius of common optical fibers. Optical Fiber Type G.652D G.657.A1 G.657.B3 Wavelength 1625 nm 1625 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm Minimum Bending Radius 30 mm 15 mm 5 mm 5 mm Number of Turns 100 10 1 1 Maximum Loss 0.1 dB 0.1 dB 0.15 dB 0.45 dB
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Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications
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Moved the zero dispersion point from the 1310 nm window to the 1550 nm window.
Reduced the dispersion at 1550 nm, and restricted the four-wave mixing (FWM).
Greatly reduced the attenuation coefficient at 1550 nm, and eliminated the water peak at 1383 nm.
Supports a rate of 10 Gbit/s and a maximum transmission distance of 3000 km. Further improved the bending performance.
G.657B has the best bending performance, and G.657B therefore is the most suitable for narrow space. optical fiber
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Description
Multi-mode optical fiber Non-dispersion shifted singlemode optical fiber Dispersion shifted optical fiber Cutoff shifted optical fiber Non-zero dispersion shifted optical fiber Non-zero dispersion shifted optical fiber with an ultra small dispersion slope Bending loss insensitive optical fiber (singlemode, for access network)
Characteristics
Large optical attenuation, short transmission distance, operating wavelength of 850 nm or 1300 nm
Applications
Campus network, LAN and other shortdistance transmission scenarios
G.652
Zero dispersion and low attenuation at 1310 Long-haul backbone network, MAN, nm, wide applications as the standard singleaccess network, and ODN mode optical fiber (SMF) Zero dispersion and low attenuation at 1550 nm, larger-capacity long-haul transmission Zero dispersion at 1310 nm, minimal attenuation and high dispersion at 1550 nm Low dispersion and attenuation at 1550 nm Restricted use in WDM due to FWM. Gradually obsolete.
G.653
G.654
Submarine communications Long-haul transmission at 1550 nm (backbone network, submarine communications, DWDM) Long-haul transmission at 1550 nm (backbone network, submarine communications, DWDM)
G.655
G.656
Normal dispersion coefficients at the wavelength range between 1460 nm and 1625 nm Use in S, C, and L bands
G.657
Better bending feature compared with the G.652 single-mode optical fiber More suitable for the complex and smallspace scenarios
Mostly used in the drop cable section of the ODN in FTTH Most popular: G.657A
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Sheath
Outer sheath 5
Number of fibers 6
Fiber type 7
1 1 Classification
GY: Outdoor optical cable GJ: Indoor optical cable GH: Submarine optical cable GR: Soft optical cable
5 Outer sheath
H: LSZH sheath 33: Steel wires armor + PE sheath 53: PSP armor + PE sheath 54: PSP armor + PE sheath + nylon 63: Aramid-yarn armor + PE sheath 333: Steel wires (two layers) armor + PE sheath 53+33: PSP armor + PE sheath + steel wires armor 73: Glass yarn 83: Glass ribbon
2 Reinforcement
No symbol: Metal reinforcement F: Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) G: Heavy metal reinforcement B: Square shape
4 Sheath
Y: PE sheath A: APL armor + PE sheath (A sheath) S: PSP armor + PE sheath (S sheath) W: PSP armor + PE sheath with steel wires (W sheath) M: APL armor + PE sheath with steel wires (M sheath)
7 Fiber type
A1a: 50/125 multi-mode optical fiber A1b : 62.5/125 multi-mode optical fiber B1.1: G.652B single -mode optical fiber B1.3: G.652D low water-peak single -mode optical fiber B4: G.655 single-mode optical fiber G.657A: Bending loss -insensitive single -mode optical fiber
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Thank you
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