Security Level: Internal Open

Optical Cables and Fibers

Network Product Service Dept.

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Objectives
After this course, you will learn about optical cables and optical fibers, including their definitions, parameters, features, structures, classification, and applications.

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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications

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Optical Fibers for Communications

A medium mainly made from silicon dioxide to transmit optical signals Consists of the core (high refractive index), cladding (low refractive index), and coating

Optical fiber

Optical Transmission Principle Optical signals are transmitted inside the optical fiber by total internal reflection.
Incidence angle (from core to cladding) Critical angle n1 (refractive index of core) > n2 (refractive index of cladding)

Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) and Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) SMF: only one propagation path at a certain incidence angle or direction MMF: multiple propagation paths at multiple incidence angles or directions SMF Core diameter: 8-10 m MMF Core diameter: 50-62.5 m

Two prerequisites for total internal reflection

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Optical Cables
Combines OFs through cannulating, stranding, tube optical cable coating, and metal armoring so that OFs can live up to engineering applications Optical cable Three optical cable structures shown on the right to meet different applications by changing Commonly used optical cable components such as jacket
Stranded loose Slotted core ribbon optical cable Unity tube optical cable

Often used in Japan

Often used for small core quantity

Optical cable applications Outdoor Optical Cable

Loose tube Tube filling compound Optical fiber C entral strength member C able filling compound Out sheath

Cross section of cable(GCYFTY 2 .2 -2B2 )

Indoor multi-core optical cable (dry-structure, light weight, and soft)

Duct optical cable (single jacket)

Aerial optical cable (figure-8 aerial self-supporting)

Air-blown optical cable (small diameter and light weight)

Indoor Optical Cable

Direct buried optical cable (dual jackets and anti-pressure)

Flat drop cable (easy to peel and bend)

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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications

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Optical Cable Features

Good anti-stretch, anti-pressure, anti-shock, anti-bending, and anti-twisting performance to facilitate deployment of optical fibers under various complex application environments

Mechanically

Environmentally

Highly waterproof, moisture-proof, anti-thunderbolt, anti-rat bite, high/low-temperature resistant under various application environments or climates

Optically

Dependent on optical fiber parameters mainly including attenuation, dispersion, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), cutoff wavelength, and minimum bending radius

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Optical Cable Features(continued)

The structure and material decide the mechanical and environment features of the
cables. Mechanical Features realization ... Environment Features high/low temperature Antithunderbolt antirat bite Moistureproof Waterproof realization ...

anti-stretch

Strength member,Aramid yam Metal armor Metal armor, sheath cable structure Strength ,material,member,sheath and armor . cable structure armor

High/low temperature materials Non-metal strength member,non-metal armored

anti-pressure

anti-shock

Metal armor

anti-bending

Coated aluminum armored Filling Water-Proof compound Water-resistant strap Water-resistance yarn

anti-twisting

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Optical Cable Structure----

Structure of a stranded loose tube optical cable

3. Ointment 4. Aramid yarn 5. Armored steel strand

Function: radial water-resistance, sealing, buffering Material: oil, addictive, thickener Function: enhanced anti-stretch, certain buffering Material: synthetic fiber with the highest strength

Function: mechanical protection for optical cables against external force Material: stainless steel strand

Function: mechanical protection against stretch or pressure Material: Metal: phosphatic/stainless steel strand of high strength Non-metal: glass-fiber reinforced plastic pole

1. Strength member 2. Loose tube

Function: buffering for protection of optical fibers (including inner sheath and outer sheath) Material: (flame-retardant) polythene, PVC, polyurethane Function: mechanical protection for optical cables against external force, moisture-proof Material: aluminum tape, copolymer film

6.Sheath 7. Aluminum polyethylene laminate (APL)

Function: mechanical protection for optical fibers, axial water-resistance Material: polybutylece terephthalate (PBT)

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Structure of Slotted Core Ribbon Optical Cable and Unity Tube Optical Cable
8. Slot identification marker

Structure of a slotted core ribbon optical cable

Function: slot identification Material: High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

Function: radial water-resistance Material: polyester fiber non-woven fabric (film), water swelling material Function: optical cable protection Material: HDPE

9. Waterresistant strap 10 Slot

Structure of a unity tube optical cable

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11. ripcord 12. Waterresistance yarn

Function: easy sheath peel-off through horizontally pulling the string. Material: aramid yarn/polyester yarn Function: axial water-resistance Material: yarn, water swelling material

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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications

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Classification of Optical Cables

Optical cables can be classified from the following dimensions:

By application scenario

Indoor, outdoor, special

By cable core structure

Stranded loose tube, unity tube, slotted core

Routing mode

Aerial, duct, directly-buried, submarine, air-blown micro

Location in the ODN

Feeder optical cable, distribution optical cable, drop cable

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Classification of Optical Cables

(Notice: The names of Optical Cable are complied with China Standard)
Structure Indoor or Outdoor Outdoor Routing Mode Common Cable Model GYTA Description Strength member, stranded loose tube aluminum-polyethylene laminated sheath, corrugated steel armor outdoor optical cable with the polyethylene (PE) sheath Ointment as fillers, corrugated steel armor, PE sheath, strength member, directly-buried routing Outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armor, PE sheath, strength member, self-supporting aerial routing

Duct

Stranded loose tube

Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor

Directly-buried Self-supporting aerial Air-blown Vertical or horizontal routing Micro-trenching

GYTY53 GYTC8S

Outdoor use, ointment as fillers, PE sheath, microGCYFTY trenching routing non-metal strength member Stranded loose tube structure, indoor use, low smoke GJBFJH zero halogen (LSZH) sheath, single-mode, G.652D, non-metal strength member, indoor routing GLFXTS Unity tube structure, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armor, aramid yarn, water-resistant strap, directly-buried routing Unity tube structure, outdoor use, LSZH sheath, singlemode, G.657A, aramid yarn or glass yarn, outdoor routing Slotted core structure, outdoor use, strength member, aluminum tape armor, dry structure, PE sheath, outdoor duct or aerial routing Bow-type, indoor use, LSZH sheath, 1/2 cores, singlemode, G.657A, strength member, drop cable

Unity tube Outdoor /Indoor Outdoor Duct GYXTZY

Slotted core Bow-type

Duct Vertical or horizontal routing

GYDGA

Indoor

GJBH

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Typical Optical CableGYTA

Remove the aluminum tape Remove the aluminum tape and use the non-metal strength member

Stranded loose tube, duct

Use the non-metal strength member

Replace the aluminum tape with the steel tape

GYTA
Stranded loose tube structure, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armored PE sheath, strength member, 8/12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores Applicable to duct or non-self-supporting aerial routing

GYTA Feature

Description

Simple structure, easy-to-peel Ointment as fillers, water-resistant Special water-resistant compound filled in the stranded loose tube Aluminum polyethylene laminate (APL) moisture barrier

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Typical Optical CableGYTY53

Add the aluminum tape armor Add the aluminum tape and use the non-metal strength member

Stranded loose tube, directly-buried

Use the non-metal strength member

Replace the steel tape with the aramid yarn and use the non-metal strength member

GYTY53
Outdoor use, ointment as fillers, corrugated steel tape armor, PE sheath, 8/12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores, strength member, directly-buried routing

GYTY53 Feature

Description

Dual-layer sheath Ointment as fillers, water-resistant Corrugated steel tape armor, pressure-resistant Special water-resistant compound filled in the stranded loose tube

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Typical Optical CableGYTC8S

Stranded loose tube, aerial

Replace the steel tape with the aluminum tape

Remove the steel tape and use the non-metal strength member

GYTC8S
Ointment as fillers, corrugated steel tape armor, PE sheath, 8/12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores, strength member, self-supporting aerial routing

GYTC8S Feature

Description

Stranded loose tube figure-8 aerial selfsupporting structure, free of accessory installation Load-bearing steel strand, more stretch force Steel tape armor, water-resistant and pressureresistant

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Typical Optical CableGJBFJH

Description

Stranded loose tube, indoor

Vertical or horizontal routing, stranded loose tube structure, indoor, LSZH sheath, 4/8/12/24 cores, single-mode, G.652D, non-metal strength member, indoor routing All-dry structure 2 mm sub-units, easy for indoor horizontal routing Simple structure, practical High-quality coating, good mechanical and environment protection LSZH flame-retardant sheath, environment friendly Single-core branch, horizontal routing

Typical Optical CableGYDGA

Description

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Feature

Slotted core ribbon

Slotted core structure, outdoor use, strength member, aluminum armor, dry structure, PE sheath, 12/24/36/48/72/96/144 cores, outdoor duct or aerial routing Water-resistant strap, good water-resistant performance Slot groove without ointment, clean and efficient installation High-density fiber ribbon design, small diameter, and light weight Openable slot groove, easy for branching Slot identification marker to identify optical cables, easy installation and operation APL moisture barrier

Feature

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Typical Optical CableGLFXTS/GYXTZY

Description Feature Description Feature

Unity tube

Unity tube structure, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, steel tape armor, aramid yarn, waterresistant strap, PE sheath, directly-buried routing

Steel tape, good pressure resistance performance Strengthened aramid yarn, good anti-stretch performance PBT loose tube, good water resistance and high strength; special ointment as fillers for fiber protection

Unity tube structure, outdoor use, LSZH sheath, 2/4/8/12 cores, single-mode, G.657A, aramid yarn or glass yarn PBT loose tube, good water resistance and high strength; special ointment as fillers for fiber protection Aramid yarn or glass yarn, good stretch performance Ripcord for easy peeling of the optical cable LSZH flame-retardant sheath, environment friendly

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Typical Optical CableGJBH

Bow-type drop cable

Use the non-metal strength member

Use the non-metal strength member and the load-bearing steel strand

GJBH
Bow-type, indoor use, LSZH sheath, 1/2 cores, single-mode, G.657A, strength member, drop cable

G.657A optical fiber with a small bending radius and good bending performance Two parallel strength members for good antistretch and anti-pressure performance, fiber protection Unique groove design for easy fiber separating, easy installation and maintenance LSZH flame-retardant sheath, environment friendly

Feature

Structure

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Typical Optical CableGCYFTY

Description Feature

Air-blown micro cable

Air-blown micro cable, outdoor use, ointment as fillers, PE sheath, 6/12/24/36/48 cores, non-metal strength member, micro-trenching routing

Small diameter, light weight, moderately soft, applicable for air-blown routing All non-metal structure, free of grounding High density, with ducts and holes fully utilized High air-blown speed, long air-blown distance, and high efficiency in fiber routing Batch-by-batch blowing of optical cables to meet gradual increase of communications services and phased investments to reduce early-stage investments Blowing of micro cables, facilitating use of new types of optical fibers/cables in the future to stay ahead technically

Typical Optical CableADSS

Description
The all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) optical cable is an all-dielectric (non-metal) cable for high-voltage power transmission line. Using the power transmission tower, such cables are self-supported at the place with the weakest electric field on the power transmission tower. It is preferred in the high-voltage power transmission line with its features such as low cost, high safety, free of magnetic or electric interference, and long span.

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Tight-Buffer Optical Fiber, Pigtail, Patch Cord, and Flexible Drop Cable
Tight-buffer Optical Fiber Pigtail Patch Cord Flexible Drop Cable

G652D

G657A

Optical fiber with a coating of buffer materials. Type: outer diameter of 600 m/900 m Application: used as the indoor tight-buffer optical fiber or used separately on the node equipment.

Single-core or multicore optical fiber with an optical connector at only one end. Type: SC/FC/LC Application: used for fusion splicing of optical fibers for the node equipment.

Single-core or multi-core optical fiber with an optical connector at each end. Type: SC-SC/SCFC/SC-LC/FC-FC/FCLC/LC-LC Application: used for port connection between devices.

G657A: bending radius of 7.5 mm; used as the drop cable, patch cord, or pigtail. G657B: bending radius of 5 mm; a considerable loss when connected to the G652D optical fiber; used only as the patch cord.

G657B

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Application of Optical Cables

CO
Closure OLT ODF Feeder 6km~20km

Distribution point
FDT SPL

Access point

ONT

FAT Drop cables 30m~100m

ONT

Distribution cables 600m~1km

Reference Feeder Capability

Method of laying duct direct buried aerial, air blown; Cost material cost and fixing cost Distribu Easy to branch tion Easy to splice cables Diameter and weight Easy to lay

Common optical cables

Duct: GYTY( low cost) Aerial GYTC8S Buried GYTY53 Air blown GCYFTY

Application

Outdoor: Slotted strap cable GYDGA easy to branching used as vertical-horizontal cables in the buildings Vertical-horizontal laying :GJBFJH

friendly Simple structure Small bending radius HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Easy fiber separating

Drop LSZH flame-retardant cables sheath, environment

Indoor Bow-type cable GJBFH Villa outdoor drop cable GYBFCH Huawei Confidential Page 22

Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications

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Attenuation
Definition = 10log(P0/PL)/L (dB/km)
: attenuation coefficient; P0: input optical power; PL: output optical power after L; L: transmission distance

The smaller attenuation coefficient, the longer transmission distance without relay. Function The power of optical signals, after L transmission distance, must be within the
power range supported by the optical terminal. Otherwise, bit error occurs.

The following figure lists the attenuation coefficients of common optical fibers
Attenuation Coefficients of Common Optical Fibers over different wavelengths. It can be seen that the attenuation coefficients of G.652D and G.657A optical fibers are the same.

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Dispersion
Definition
Dispersion indicates the optical pulse broadening phenomenon caused by different group velocities of different wavelengths in an optical fiber. Dispersion coefficient is the dispersion value per unit length of fiber and per unit of spectral width, with the unit of ps/(nm*km). Dispersion coefficients of Huawei G.652D optical fiber

Function

Dispersion limits the transmission capacity and transmission distance. The smaller dispersion, the longer transmission distance without relay. The figure on the right lists the transmission distances of the G652D optical fiber (nondispersion shifted single-mode optical fiber) at different transmission rates due to dispersion limitation.

Zero Dispersion Wavelength

Zero dispersion wavelength is the wavelength with zero dispersion. Currently, the zero dispersion wavelength of Huawei G.652D optical fiber is within 1310-1324 nm. A single-mode optical fiber selects the window of zero dispersion wavelength to achieve larger capacity and higher rate.

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PMD
Definition
In transmission over a single-mode optical fiber, the fundamental mode has two orthogonal polarizations that travel different speeds, and therefore they arrive at the Rx end at different times (see the figure on the right). The time difference between these two orthogonal polarizations per unit of length is the polarization mode dispersion (PMD), in the unit of ps/km.

PMD, a statistical value, indicates the pulse broadening feature. It limits the transmission capacity and transmission distance. Theoretically, the following formula can calculate how the PMD affects the transmission capacity and transmission distance. 2 2 B L PMD = 22 2
[Gb / s ] [ km]
B: transmission capacity L: maximum transmission distance

Function

[ ps / km ]

Taking the G652D optical fiber as an example, the figure on the right shows how the PMD value affects the rate and distance.

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Cutoff Wavelength
Definition
The cutoff wavelength is a parameter for the single-mode optical fiber, indicated by c, When the transmission wavelength exceeds the cutoff wavelength, the optical fiber can transmit optical signals of only one mode (fundamental mode). When the transmission wavelength is smaller than the cutoff wavelength, the optical fiber can transmit optical signals of multiple modes (including high-order mode).

Function

The cutoff wavelength of a single-mode optical fiber must be smaller than the operating wavelength of the optical communication system. When the actual operating wavelength is smaller than the cutoff wavelength, the optical fiber works in the dual-mode area, which generates noises. This directly results in deterioration of the transmission performance and decrease of the bandwidth.

Cutoff Wavelength of Common Optical Fibers

The cutoff wavelength of an optical fiber varies with the distance. Actual practices focus more on the cutoff wavelength of optical cables. ITU-T defines the cutoff wavelength of optical cables (testing with 2 m optical fiber and 22 m optical cable), as listed in the following table. Optical Fiber Type
G.652 (A, B, C, D) G.654 (A, B) G.655 G.656 G.657 (A, B)
Cutoff Wavelength of a 2 m Optical Fiber
Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1250 nm Cutoff Wavelength of a 22 m Optical Cable

1260 nm 1530 nm 1450 nm 1450 nm 1260 nm

1350-1600 nm
Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1440 nm Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1440 nm Not defined; in special application scenarios, 1250 nm

Note: Special application scenarios refer to those with the maximum bending radius.

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MFD
Definition
The mode field diameter (MFD) is a measure of the spatial extend of the fundamental-mode electric and magnetic field strengths in the cross-sectional area of an optical fiber. This parameter indicates the optical power density of an optical fiber.

Generally, the MFD is 10%-15% larger than the core

diameter, as shown in the figure on the right.

The smaller MFD, the larger power density passing through the

Function

cross-sectional area of an optical fiber. An excessively larger density causes a non-linear effect, which affects the system performance. For communication optical fibers, the larger MFD, the better. Fusion splicing of optical fibers with different MFDs causes power loss. For example, fusion splicing of the G.657B and G.652 optical fibers causes a power loss of more than 0.5 dB.

MFD

From the following table, it can be seen that the G.657A optical fiber can well interoperate with the G.652 optical fiber.

MFD of Common Optical Fibers

Optical Fiber Type G.652 (A, B, C, D) G.655 G.656 G.657A G.657B

Wavelength
1310 nm 1550 nm 1500 nm 1310 nm 1310 nm

MFD
8.6-9.5 um 8-11 um 7-11 um 8.6-9.5 um 6.3-9.5 nm

Tolerance
+/- 0.6 um +/- 0.7 um +/- 0.7 um +/- 0.4 um +/- 0.4 um

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Minimum Bending Radius

Taking the G.652D optical fiber as an example, after such

Definition

an optical fiber is loosely coiled around a cylinder for 100 turns, the loss increase should be less than 0.1 dB for the 1625 nm wavelength. The radius of the thinnest cylinder that meets the preceding requirement is the minimum bending radius of the optical fiber for the 1625 nm wavelength.

When coiling or connecting an optical fiber, note that its

bending radius must be equal to or larger than its minimum bending radius. Otherwise, great loss is incurred.

Function

Optical fibers with a small bending radius, for example,

patch cords and pigtails, are applicable to intra-MDF routing, inter-MDF routing, and indoor routing.

Bending radius

ITU-T defines the minimum bending radius of different optical fibers. The following table lists the minimum

Minimum Bending Radius of Common Optical Fibers

bending radius of common optical fibers. Optical Fiber Type G.652D G.657.A1 G.657.B3 Wavelength 1625 nm 1625 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm Minimum Bending Radius 30 mm 15 mm 5 mm 5 mm Number of Turns 100 10 1 1 Maximum Loss 0.1 dB 0.1 dB 0.15 dB 0.45 dB

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Requirements on Major Parameters of Common Optical Fibers

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Contents
1 2 3 4 5 Optical Cables and Fibers Optical Cable Features and Structures Optical Cable Classification and Typical Optical Cables Major Optical Fiber Parameters Optical Fiber Classification and Applications

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Evolution of Optical Fibers

G.651 multi-mode optical fiber
Developed the singlemode laser.

G.652 optical fiber

Moved the zero dispersion point from the 1310 nm window to the 1550 nm window.

G.653 optical fiber

G.657 Optical fiber

Improved the bending performance.

Reduced the attenuation at 1550 nm.

Reduced the dispersion at 1550 nm, and restricted the four-wave mixing (FWM).

G.654 optical fiber

G.655 optical fiber

The evolution of G.652 and G.657 optical fibers is as follows:

Supports a rate of 10 Gbit/s a transmission distance of 400 km

G.652A optical fiber

Greatly reduced the attenuation coefficient at 1550 nm, and eliminated the water peak at 1383 nm.

G.652C optical fiber

G.652D combines the advantages of G.652B and G.652C, and is the most widely used optical fiber for communication.

G.652 optical fiber

Supports a rate of 10 Gbit/s and a maximum transmission distance of 3000 km. Further improved the bending performance.

G.652B optical fiber

G.652D optical fiber

G.657 optical fiber

G.657B has the best bending performance, and G.657B therefore is the most suitable for narrow space. optical fiber

Defined parameters such as attenuation, PMD, and dispersion.

G.657A Good interoperability with G.652D. optical fiber

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Classification of Optical Fibers

Model
G.651

Description
Multi-mode optical fiber Non-dispersion shifted singlemode optical fiber Dispersion shifted optical fiber Cutoff shifted optical fiber Non-zero dispersion shifted optical fiber Non-zero dispersion shifted optical fiber with an ultra small dispersion slope Bending loss insensitive optical fiber (singlemode, for access network)

Characteristics
Large optical attenuation, short transmission distance, operating wavelength of 850 nm or 1300 nm

Applications
Campus network, LAN and other shortdistance transmission scenarios

G.652

Zero dispersion and low attenuation at 1310 Long-haul backbone network, MAN, nm, wide applications as the standard singleaccess network, and ODN mode optical fiber (SMF) Zero dispersion and low attenuation at 1550 nm, larger-capacity long-haul transmission Zero dispersion at 1310 nm, minimal attenuation and high dispersion at 1550 nm Low dispersion and attenuation at 1550 nm Restricted use in WDM due to FWM. Gradually obsolete.

G.653

G.654

Submarine communications Long-haul transmission at 1550 nm (backbone network, submarine communications, DWDM) Long-haul transmission at 1550 nm (backbone network, submarine communications, DWDM)

G.655

G.656

Normal dispersion coefficients at the wavelength range between 1460 nm and 1625 nm Use in S, C, and L bands

G.657

Better bending feature compared with the G.652 single-mode optical fiber More suitable for the complex and smallspace scenarios

Mostly used in the drop cable section of the ODN in FTTH Most popular: G.657A

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Application Scenario of Optical Fibers

Access network G657A/G652D MAN G652D Land long-haul network G652D/G655 Transoceanic submarine network G654/G655

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Appendix- Rules for Optical Cable Naming

Classification Reinforcement Structure characteristics 3 3 Structure characteristics
D: Ribbon structure G: Slotted corestructure X: Unit tube structure T: Ointment filled structure C: Self-supporting structure 8: Figure-8 structure Z: Fireproof structure

Sheath

Outer sheath 5

Number of fibers 6

Fiber type 7

1 1 Classification
GY: Outdoor optical cable GJ: Indoor optical cable GH: Submarine optical cable GR: Soft optical cable

5 Outer sheath
H: LSZH sheath 33: Steel wires armor + PE sheath 53: PSP armor + PE sheath 54: PSP armor + PE sheath + nylon 63: Aramid-yarn armor + PE sheath 333: Steel wires (two layers) armor + PE sheath 53+33: PSP armor + PE sheath + steel wires armor 73: Glass yarn 83: Glass ribbon

GS: Optical cable inside equipment GT: Special optical cable

2 Reinforcement
No symbol: Metal reinforcement F: Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) G: Heavy metal reinforcement B: Square shape

4 Sheath
Y: PE sheath A: APL armor + PE sheath (A sheath) S: PSP armor + PE sheath (S sheath) W: PSP armor + PE sheath with steel wires (W sheath) M: APL armor + PE sheath with steel wires (M sheath)

6 Number of fiber cores

Number of fibers

7 Fiber type
A1a: 50/125 multi-mode optical fiber A1b : 62.5/125 multi-mode optical fiber B1.1: G.652B single -mode optical fiber B1.3: G.652D low water-peak single -mode optical fiber B4: G.655 single-mode optical fiber G.657A: Bending loss -insensitive single -mode optical fiber

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