RENAISSANCE

an intellectual and cultural movement that began in Italy in the 1300s and spread throughout Northern Europe. a revival of classical learning, art, and architecture - and the concept of the dignity of man. Disability becomes a medical issue requiring the services of trained professionals. Persons with disabilities assumed the on-going role of patient, needing to be cured.

The disabled became objects of pity and curiosity. However, in most villages, almshouses, or poorhouses, were present to take care of those who did not have family, or members of the family were unable to care for them Being disabled was thought of as a natural outcome of being poor. Families rarely expelled physically disabled members, but found ways for them to contribute to the family. The physicians of the Renaissance period had no formal education, taught themselves, and were unskilled compared to today's physicians. In the Renaissance, there was a much lower rate of survival. The average person lived almost 30 years less than those in the 20th century

FIRST OPTION:

Physicians were thought to be learned men who had gone through schooling and had studied standard educational programs followed by a deep study of philosophy. Their diagnoses were usually based on a thorough examination of the body and the urine.

SECOND OPTION:

Find a surgeon. In most cases, the surgeon, the dentist, and the barber were all one in the same person.

Final option
was to try one of the "physicians cookes". These came in two varieties: an apothecary or an herbalist. -The herbalist used interesting homemade concoctions to try to relieve anything from pain to fighting diseases. -An apothecary could only give out medications that had been prescribed by a physician or surgeon.

AMBROISE PARE

-Army surgeon -Famous for discovering that hot irons should be used to cauterize bullet or metal-tipped arrow wounds. Until his discovery, nearly anyone who was shot in battle died from loss of blood, infection, or internal bleeding. - Pare also discovered ways of "tying off" the arteries when he amputated a limb. -Also recognized the necessity of keeping wounds clean. -He devised appliances such as artificial limbs and trusses.

LEONARDO DA VINCI
-first to realize to successfully treat most diseases, physicians must learn about and study the human body. -a strong supporter of "human dissections"

WHAT IS REALLY LIKE TO LIVE IN MIDDLE AGES?

As the populations of medieval towns and cities increased, hygienic conditions worsened, leading to a vast array of health problems. Medical knowledge was limited and, despite the efforts of medical practitioners and public and religious institutions to institute regulations, medieval Europe did not have an adequate health care system.

HUMORS

Natural functions, such as sneezing, were thought to be the best way of maintaining health. When there was a build-up of any one humor, or body fluid, it could be disposed of through sweat, tears, feces, or urine.

SURGERY

Performed as a last resort, surgery was known to be successful in cases of breast cancer, fistula, hemorrhoids, gangrene, and cataracts, as well as tuberculosis of the lymph glands in the neck (scrofula). The most common form of surgery was bloodletting; it was meant to restore the balance of fluids in the body.

19TH CENTURY HEALTHCARE

Practitioners of health care in the 19th Century focused on providing care that was generally based on a minimum of causative information. Doctors in 1800 did not have Xrays to help them see inside the body. XRays were not discovered until 1895 and the use of them in medicine developed almost immediately to provide one of the first true diagnostic tools.

DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS IN 1800

Disinfectant was not used in hospitals until the 1870s. In fact, hospitals were very unsanitary until Joseph Lister discovered that the use of carbolic acid aided in reducing the number of infections during operations. 19th Century health care was a hit or miss adventure, as was going into the hospital. In early hospitals, curing a patient did not always mean making them better.

Joseph Lister

- discovered that the use of carbolic acid aided in reducing the number of infections during operations.
-discovered penicillin by chance.

Sir Alexander Fleming

William Thomas Green

-American dentist -used ether on a patient while extracting a tooth 19th -new idea of putting the patient to sleep during the operation really caught on.

MEDICINE
Today all medicine is supposed to be focused on maintaining, or improving the bodies functions and improving the general well-being of the body and all of its complex systems. By the end of the century the practices of 19th Century health care had modernized and the practicing and trained doctor was now at the center of the provision of good care.

21ST CENTURY
Patient-Centered Health Care The focus of the 21st-century health care system must be the patient. Such a system will ensure that patients have access to the safest and highest-quality care, regardless of how much they earn, where they live, how sick they are, or the color of their skin. Patients must be the first priority and the focus of the transformed system.

CONSUMER-DRIVEN HEALTH CARE

The new system also must be responsive primarily to individual consumers, rather than to third-party payers. Most health care today is paid for and controlled by third parties, such as the government, insurers, and employers. A consumer-driven system will empower all people if they so choose to make decisions that will directly affect the most fundamental and intimate aspect of their life their own health.

PROVIDER-FRIENDLY HEALTH CARE

In a transformed health care system, we must reestablish and promote the value of the doctorpatient relationship. Health care is delivered by doctors, nurses, hospitals, and clinics. We must recognize that empowered providers, competing and retooling to provide the highest possible level of care for patients, are the cornerstones of this new vision. This patient-centered, consumer-driven, providerfriendly model will be energized and driven by three fundamental forces: information, choice, and control.

HEALTH TRANSFORMATION
Means of facilitating health transformation: -Ways through which Health Transformation or Health Modification is achieved. -Health Transformation is about the total betterment of Health.

1. ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY

-Improved diagnostic procedures and sophisticated equipments permit early recognition of diseases that might otherwise have remained undetected, thereby preventing the condition from worsening. *Modern medical discoveries have changed the profile of the clients. Clients are now more likely to be treated in the community, utilizing resources, technology and treatments outside the hospital. Eg. Years ago, a person having cataract surgery had to remain in bed in the hospital for ten days; today, most cataract removals are performed on an outpatient basis in outpatient surgery centers.

2. CLINICAL PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

-Coordinating clinical improvement activities across multiple hospitals and other sites of care in a complex integrated delivery system serves important purposes in addition to improving patient care. These projects were an important cultural change agent to transform the individual components of the system into one that is capable of delivering care continuously across multiple sites. Standardization of care practices, policies, and procedures is considerably enhanced by coordinating these activities across the entire system.

3. REDUCING THE COST OF HEALTH CARE THRU MANAGED CARE

-provides cost-effective, quality care that focuses on decreased costs and improved outcomes for groups of clients. In managed care, health care providers and agencies collaborate to render the most appropriate, fiscally responsible care possible. Managed care denotes an emphasis on cost controls, customer satisfaction, health promotion and preventive services. HMOs and preferred provider orgs are examples of provider systems to managed care.

4. ESSENTIAL HEALTH SERVICES OFFERED TO SPECIFIC POPULATION FOR BETTER HEALTH STATUS

a. Infant and Children: Fully Immunized Child, Target Food Assistance Program, Micronutrient Supplementation b. Adolescent: Natl Program of Youth and Adolescence c. Women: Maternal and Child Health, Safe Motherhood, Responsible Parenthood d. Elderly: Services rendered towards reduction of Chronic degenerative diseases e. Special Communities: indigenous communities, victims of calamitites, disaster and victims of armed conflicts f. Workers: Safety, Safe work place

5. ADVENT OF AMBULATORY CARE CENTERS

-They permit the client to live at home while obtaining necessary health care; they free costly hospital beds for seriously ill clients. *The term ambulatory care center has replaced the term clinic in many places.

6. OTHERS:

a. Consistent and Efficient Provision of Health Services b. Favorable responsiveness of to the expectations of the population c. Health Care Financing

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

- Allied Medical Professionals are generally classified as any medical professionals, other than medical doctors or nurses, who have direct contact with patients in a clinical setting. - They work in health care teams to make the health care system function by providing a range of diagnostic, technical, therapeutic and direct patient care and support services that are critical to the other health professionals they work with and the patients they serve.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

1. THE PHYSIATRIST - is a medical doctor who has specialized in the area of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. - also called as rehabilitation physician, are medical doctors that have special training in functioning and mobility.
Physiatrists: - Are nerve, muscle and bone experts who treat injury or illness that affect how you move and function in life. - Treat the whole person, not just the problem. - Restore maximum function lost through injury, illness or disabling conditions. - Are experts in diagnosing and treating pain. - Provide non-surgical treatments relying heavily on therapy to restore or improve function.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

2. THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST - or physiotherapist, is concerned with identifying and maximizing quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, diagnosis, treatment/intervention and rehabilitation. This encompasses physical, psychological, emotional, and social well being. Physical therapists: - Diagnose and manage movement dysfunction and enhance physical and functional abilities. - Restore, maintain, and promote not only optimal physical function but optimal wellness and fitness and optimal quality of life as it relates to movement and health. - Prevent the onset, symptoms, and progression of impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities that may result from diseases, disorders, conditions, or injuries.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

3. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST - Occupational therapists work with individuals who have conditions that are mentally, physically, developmentally, or emotionally disabling. Occupational therapists assist individuals to develop, recover, or maintain daily living and work skills. - Occupational therapy is skilled treatment that helps individuals achieve independence in all facets of their lives. Occupational therapy gives people the "skills for the job of living" that are needed for independent and satisfying lives. Occupational therapists: -Customized treatment programs aimed at improving abilities to carry out the activities of daily living. -Comprehensive evaluation of home and job environments and recommendations on necessary adaptation. - Assessments and treatment for performance skills. -Recommendations and training in the use of adaptive equipment. - Guidance to family members and caregivers.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

4. RECREATIONAL THERAPIST - Recreational therapists, or therapeutic recreation specialists, provide treatments and recreation activities to individuals with illnesses or disabling conditions to improve or maintain physical, mental and emotional well-being and help reduce depression, stress and anxiety. -Recreational therapies help patients recover basic motor functioning and reasoning abilities, build confidence and socialize more effectively. Treatments may incorporate arts and crafts, animals, sports, games, dance and movement, drama, music and community outings.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

5. SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST - A specialist sometimes called a speech therapist or speech pathologist with a role to assess, diagnose, treat and help prevent speech, language, cognitive-communication, voice, swallowing, fluency and other related disorders. Speech Pathologists: -Evaluate and diagnose speech, language, cognitive-communication and swallowing disorders. A variety of qualitative and quantitative assessment methods are utilized including standardized tests, and other special instruments, in order to analyze and diagnose the nature and extent of speech, language and other impairments. - Treat speech, language, cognitive-communication and swallowing disorders in individuals of all levels, from infancy to the elderly, utilizing an individualized plan with both long-term goals and short-term goals established for each individuals needs.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

6. PSYCHOLOGIST -assist the patient and family in managing emotional and psychological distress. A licensed psychologist assists persons with rheumatic disease in living and coping with a painful, chronic, and sometimes disabling disease. Many psychologists (clinical, counseling, rehabilitation, neuropsychology, social, research, educational, etc.) conduct research studies to provide valuable information concerning the course, consequences, and management of rheumatic illnesses. Psychologists: - adjustment to disability - adherence to treatment - coping style - family interaction/communication - mood, such as levels of anxiety and depression - cognitive functioning - transition planning (adolescents)

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

7. ORTHOTIST AND PROSTHETIST - Prosthetists and orthotists provide care for anyone requiring an artificial limb (prosthesis) or a device to support or control part of the body (orthosis). They will also advise on rehabilitation. - Orthotists provide a range of splints, braces and special footwear to aid movement, correct deformity and relieve discomfort. - Prosthetists provide the best possible artificial replacement for patients who have lost or were born without a limb. A prosthetic limb should feel and look like a natural limb.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

8. RESPIRATORY THERAPIST -Respiratory care is an allied health specialty which provides a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic services to patients with heart and lung disorders. Respiratory therapists, also known as respiratory care practitioners, are involved in the evaluation and monitoring of heart and lung function as well as giving treatment. Specific care provided by respiratory therapists may include: - administration of oxygen - cardiopulmonary resuscitation - management of mechanical ventilators - administering drugs to the lungs - monitoring cardiopulmonary systems - measuring lung function.

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

9. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST -The work of these professionals encompass clinical applications of chemistry, genetics, hematology, immunohematology (blood banking), immunology,microbiology, serology, urinalysis and miscellaneous body fluid analysis. 10. PHARMACIST - are allied health professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. The role of the pharmacist has shifted from the classical "lick, stick, and pour" dispensary role (that is, "lick & stick the labels, count & pour the pills"), to being an integrated member of the health care team directly involved in patient care

VARYING FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

11. RADIOGRAPHER -A radiographer or medical imaging technologist is a trained health professional who performs medical imaging by producing high quality X-ray pictures or images used to diagnose and treat injury or disease. It is an important part of medicine and a patients diagnosis and treatment is often dependent on the X-ray images produced. Trauma radiography - challenging examinations on injured individuals. Mobile radiography - for patients too sick to travel to the X-ray department. Computed tomography - three dimensional X-ray imaging test. Magnetic resonance imaging - three dimensional imaging test powered by a large magnet. Fluoroscopy X-ray test that examines the internal body and shows moving images on a screen like a movie. Angiography - imaging of blood vessels and the heart. Operating theatre - assisting surgeons during operations with special X-ray equipment.

THE END.