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Contents
Useful Products from Oil Useful Products from Metal Ores Useful Products from Rocks Useful Products from Air Representing Reactions Quantitative Chemistry Changes to the Earth and Atmosphere The Rock Record
Fractional Distillation
The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules of a similar size, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. This process is called fractional distillation.
Test for alkenes: alkenes turn bromine water from brown to colourless.
Fuels
Most fuels contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulphur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include: carbon dioxide; water (vapour), which is an oxide of hydrogen; sulphur dioxide
This gas dissolves in rain and forms acid rain.
Plastics
Alkenes are reactive and so are useful for making many other substances including polymers. Polymers have very large molecules. They are formed when many small molecules join together. This process is called polymerisation. When alkenes join together to form a polymer with no other substance being produced in the reaction, the process is called addition polymerisation. Plastics are polymers and are made by polymerisation. For example, poly(ethene) (often called polythene) is made by polymerising the simplest alkene, ethene.
A metal such as iron, which is less reactive than carbon, can be extracted from its ore using carbon Reactions in the blast furnace.
C + O2 CO2
The coke burns, to form carbon dioxide and to produce heat
CO2 + C 2CO
The carbon dioxide reacts with more hot coke to produce carbon monoxide gas.
Extraction of Aluminium
Aluminium is made by the electrolysis of bauxite. Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of bauxite. This is a very expensive process and aluminium is only made in this way because it cannot be prepared by heating with carbon because it is too reactive At the negative electrode Al3+ + 3e- Al (REDUCTION) At the positive electrode 2O2- O2 + 4e(OXIDATION)
Purification of Copper
Copper can be extracted from its ore by reduction with carbon, however, this is only 98% pure. Copper can be purified by electrolysis using a positive electrode made of the impure copper and a negative electrode of pure copper in a solution containing copper ions. When the current is switched on copper ions in solution are attracted to the negative and electrode and deposited there. Copper atoms in the impure block lose electrons and become positive ions and go into the solution, replacing those which were deposited at the negative electrode. Eventually the impure block disappears leaving behind the impurities and the pure block becomes larger.
Corrosion
Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water. Barriers such as paint or grease can be used to prevent corrosion. Zinc blocks can be attached to iron objects. As zinc is more reactive than iron it will corrode preferentially thus preventing the iron from corroding. This is called sacrificial protection Aluminium is a very reactive metal but it can be used without protection against corrosion. This is because it has a thin lay of oxide which sticks very firmly to the aluminium and protects it against further corrosion.
Limestone
Nitrogen and Hydrogen are needed to make Ammonia. Nitrogen is obtained from the air. Hydrogen is obtained from water and natural gas.
When we can represent reactions by word and symbol equations: methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water or CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O To this we can add state symbols to give more information about the substances: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) This doesnt tell us the whole story we need to balance the equation to show that we have not destroyed or made new atoms.
Representing Equations
Balancing Equations
CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O (g) Remember that the formulae for each compound is correct you cannot change CH4 to CH3 just to make the atoms add up. Balance one type of atom at a time: There is one carbon atom on each side so we can leave that alone, however there are 4 H atoms on the left hand side and 2 on the right hand side we can correct this by putting a 2 in front of the water. CH4 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) Now both the carbon and the hydrogen balance, that just leaves us with the oxygen. There are 2 O on the left hand side and 4 on the right hand side. We can correct this by putting a 2 in front of the oxygen on the left hand side: CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Quantitative Chemistry
Calculating Masses The Mole Reacting Masses
Calculating Masses
Relative Atomic Mass
This is the mass number that you find on the periodic table.
The Mole
One mole of atoms or molecule of any substance will have a mass in grams equal to the relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass for that substance. The atomic mass of carbon is 12, therefore one mole of carbon weighs 12g The relative molecular mass of oxygen (O2) is (2 x 16) 23, therefore one mole of oxygen weighs 32g. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecule. Remember the mole is just a number!
Reacting Masses
By using the relative molecular masses in grams we can deduce what masses of reactants to use and what mass of products will be formed.
Summary
Useful Products from Oil
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The can be separated and processed by cracking and polymerisation to make a variety of useful materials how we obtain metals depend on how reactive the are Limestone can be used as building material or as a raw material in cement, concrete and glass.
Useful Products from Metal Ores Useful Products from Rocks Useful Products from Air
Nitrogen from the atmosphere can be turned into synthetic fertiliser. Overuse cause eutrophication
practice balancing equations Practice lots of these problems. The first atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide. Plant produced all the oxygen in the atmosphere. This oxygen formed ozone which protects us from uv light. Rocks contain evidence of how they were formed. Different types of rock are linked in the rock cycle.
Representing Reactions Quantitative Chemistry Changes to the Earth and Atmosphere The Rock Record