A SEMINAR REPORT ON ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE(ATM)

Presented By: UDAY GUPTA

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INTRODUCTION
ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode, in which data sends asynchronously. This mode is another fast packet switching mode. ATM is regarded as the technology of the 21st century and its impact is expected to be similar to PCM (pulse code modulation) which is used widely around the world in telecommunication. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a technology that has his its history in the development of broadband ISDN in the 1970s and 980s. Like packet switching for data , ATM integrates the multiplexing and switching functions, is well suited for bursty traffic and allows communications between devices that operate at different speeds . Unlike packet switching , ATM is designed for high-performance multimedia network.
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OVERVIEW OF ATM

A technology for multiplexing fixed-length cells from a variety of sources to a variety of remote locations Capable of moving data of a wide range of speeds, but aimed at very high speed(100-1000mb/s). Capable of handling data from variety of media(e.g. Voice,video, and data) using a single interface. ATM is a connection-oriented protocol. Connection can be switched or peermanent. Signalling procedures are used to set up switched cells. Certain quality of service(QOS) is guaranteed for each connection. QOS parameters may include as cell loss rate, max./avg. Cell delay, delay jitter, cell error or rate, cell misinsertion rate etc.

OVERVIEW OF ATM

QOS is negotiated at connection setup. Atm operates on a best effort basis, cells with errors, or that encounter congestion, are silently dropped. Two types of connection: point-to-point and multipoint. Service carried in fixed length cells(53 octels).

5 octets header 48 octets payload

HISTORY OF ATM

Developed in the early 80's as a switching technology for broadband integrated service digital network. Anchorage, accord in 1996 declares availability specs required to implement a Multiservice ATM network.

ATM APPLICATION

ATM CELL HEADER FORMAT

ATM ADDRESS FORMAT

ATM ADDRESS FORMAT CONTD..

ATM REFERENCE MODEL

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PHYSICAL LAYER
The ATM physical layer has four functions: bits are converted into cells, the transmission and receipt of bits on the physical medium are controlled, ATM cell boundaries are tracked, and cells are packaged into the appropriate types of frames for the physical medium. It has two sublayer: Transmission convergence sublayer - map cell into physical layer frame format on transit and delineates ATM cells in the received bit stream. - generate HEC on transmit - generate idle cells for cell decoupling and speed matching Physical medium layer - medium dependent function like bit function,bit alignment

ADAPTATION LAYER

In order to carry data units longer than 48 octets in ATM cells, an adaptation layer is needed. The ATM adaptation layer(ALL) provides for segmentation and reassembly of higher-layer data units and for detection of errors in transmission. Since the ATM layer simply carries cells without concern for their contents, a number of different AALs can be used across a single ATM interface. The AAL maps the user, control, or management protocol data units into the information field of the atm cell and vice versa.

ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL1

It is a connection oriented service,is suitable for handling constant bit rate sources(CBR), such as voice and videoconferencing. Receive constant bit rate stream with a well defined clock from sources and delivers the same to the destination. Provides for timing recovery (using SRTS),, synchronization, and indication of lost information not recovered by AAL1.

AAL1 CELL FORMET

Consists of 1 octet header (PCI) and 47 octets of payload Sequence Number (SN): A 1-bit Convergence Sublayer Indication and 3-bit sequence count to detect deletion or misinsertion of cells Sequence Number Protection (SNP): 3-bit CRC with even parity for detecting and correcting SN error

ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL2

Design to support variable bit rate (VBR) traffic. It includes services characterized as packetized voice or video that do not have a constant bit rates services. It process uses 44 bytes of the cell payload for user data and reserves 4 bytes of the payload to support the AAL2 processes.

ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL3/4

Supports variable bit rate data where there is no timing relationship between source and destination, e.g., X.25, frame relay, and TCP/IP data Supports Class C (connection-oriented) and Class D (connectionless) traffic Convergence sublayer divided into two parts:

Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS) Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)

SSCS layer may provide assured or non-assured services, or may be null

Assured service provides retransmission of missing or corrupted SSCSPDUs and flow control is mandatory AAL-SDUs may be lost or corrupted for non-assured service and flow control is optional

CPCS provides message mode or streaming mode services

ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL5

It support s both connection-oriented and connection less data. It used to transfer most non-SMDS data, such as classical IP over ATM and LAN emulation. ALL5 is a simple and efficient AAL to perform a subnet of the functions of AAL3/4 The CPCS-PDU payload length can be up to 65,535 octets and must use PAD(0 to 47 octets) to align CPCS-PDU length to a multiple of 48 octets. 1 0 - 47 1 2 4
CPCS-PDU Payload PAD CPCS UU CPI Length CRC-32

AAL-5 CPCS-PDU
Pad - rounds the data length to an even multiple of 4-octets. UU - user to user indication. Used to pass information between CPCS users. CPI - always zero, and provides boundary alignment Length - indicates the number of legitimate octets within the PDU. CRC (32-bits)

ATM INTERFACING

UNI: User-Network Interface NNI: Network-Network Interface

ATM SERVICES
Three types of ATM services exist: permanent virtual circuits (PVC), switched virtual circuits (SVC), and connectionless service (which is similar to SMDS). PVC allows direct connectivity between sites. In this way, a PVC Among its advantages, PVC guarantees availability of a connection and does not require call setup procedures between switches. Disadvantages of PVCs include static connectivity and manual setup. Each piece of equipment between the source and the destination must be manually provisioned for the PVC. Furthermore, no network resiliency is available with PVC. An SVC is created and released dynamically and remains in use only as long as data is being transferred. In this sense, it is similar to a telephone call. Dynamic call control requires a signaling protocol between the ATM endpoint and the ATM switch. The advantages of SVCs include connection flexibility and call setup that can be handled automatically by a networking device. Disadvantages include the extra time and overhead required to set up the connection.

ATM VIRTUAL CONNECTION

Two types of ATM connection exist:virtual paths,which are identified by virtual path identifier and virtual channel which are identified by by the combination of VPI and a virtual channel identifier (VCI).

Virtual channels

The virtual channel (VC) is the fundamental unit of transport in a BISDN. ATM cell contains an explict label in its header to identify the virtual channe A virtual channel(VC) is a communication channel that provides for the transport of ATM cell information payload is passed to a higher layer signify the endpoints of a VC. A virtual channel identifies (VCI) identifies a particular VC within a particular VP over a UNI or NNI.

Virtual paths

A virtual paths(VP) is a group of virtual that are carried on the same physical facility and at agiven reference point in the VP share the sane virtual path identifier (VPI) value. The VP boundaries are delimited by virtual path terminators (VPT) At CPTs, both VPI and VCI are processed. Between VPTs associated with the same VP, only the VPI values are processed(and translated) at ATM network elements. The VCI values are processed only at VPTs, and are not translated at intermediate ATM network elements.

V C s C o n c a te n a te to C re a te V P s

ATM SWITCHING OPERATION

The basic operation of an ATM switch is straightforward: The cell is received across a link on a known VCI or VPI value. The switch looks up the connection value in a local translation table to determine the outgoing port (or ports) of the connection and the new VPI/VCI value of the connection on that link. The switch then retransmits the cell on that outgoing link with the appropriate connection identifiers. Because all VCIs and VPIs have only local significance across a particular link, these values are remapped, as necessary, at each switch.

ATM ARCTECTURE
User information User information

AAL ATM PHY ATM PHY ATM PHY

AAL ATM PHY

End system Network End system

ATM CONNECTION
ATM supports two types of connections: point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. Point-topoint connects two ATM end systems and can be unidirectional (one-way communication) or bidirectional (two-way communication). Point-to-multipoint connects a single-source end system (known as the root node) to multiple destination end systems (known as leaves). Such connections are unidirectional only. Root nodes can transmit to leaves, but leaves cannot transmit to the root or to each other on the same connection.Cell replication is done within the ATM network by the ATM switches where the connection splits into two or more branches.

ATM QUALITY OF SERVICE(QOS)

ATM supports QoS guarantees comprising traffic contract, traffic shaping, and traffic policing. A traffic contract specifies an envelope that describes the intended data flow. This envelope specifies values for peak bandwidth, average sustained bandwidth, and burst size, among others. When an ATM end system connects to an ATM network, it enters a contract with the network, based on QoS parameters. Traffic shaping is the use of queues to constrain data bursts, limit peak data rate, and smooth jitters so that traffic will fit within the promised envelope. ATM devices are responsible for adhering to the contract by means of traffic shaping. ATM switches can use traffic policing to enforce the contract. The switch can measure the actual traffic flow and compare it against the agreed-upon traffic envelope. If the switch finds that traffic is outside of the agreed-upon parameters, it can set the cell-loss priority (CLP) bit of the offending cells.

ATM CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT PROCESS

ATM signaling uses the one-pass method of connection setup that is used in all modern telecommunication networks, such as the telephone network. An ATM connection setup proceeds in the following manner. First, the source end system sends a connection-signaling request. The connection request is propagated through the network. As a result, connections are set up through the network. The connection request reaches the final destination, which either accepts or rejects the connection request.

Connection-Request Routing and Negotiation Routing of the connection request is governed by an ATM routing protocol (Private NetworkNetwork Interface [PNNI], which routes connections based on destination and source addresses), traffic, and the QoS parameters requested by the source end system. Negotiating a connection request that is rejected by the destination is limited because call routing is based on parameters of initial connection; changing parameters might affect the connection routing

ATM Devices Establish Connections Through the One-Pass Method

LAN EMULATION
LAN Emulation (LANE) is a standard defined by the ATM Forum that gives to stations attached via ATM the same capabilities that they normally obtain from legacy LANs, such as Ethernet and Token Ring. As the name suggests, the function of the LANE protocol is to emulate a LAN on top of an ATM network. Specifically, the LANE protocol defines mechanisms for emulating either an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet or an 802.5 Token Ring LAN. The current LANE protocol does not define a separate encapsulation for FDDI. The LANE protocol defines a service interface for higher-layer (that is, network layer) protocols that is identical to that of existing LANs. Data sent across the ATM network is encapsulated in the appropriate LAN MAC packet format.

ATM Networks Can Emulate a Physical LAN

TYPES OF LAN EMULATION CONNECTION

LANE Data Connections Use a Series of VCLs to Link a LAN Switch and ATM Hosts

LANE Control Connections Link the LES, LECS, LAN Switch, and ATM Host

ADVANTAGE OF ATM
ATM supports voice, video and data allowing multimedia and mixed services over a single network. High evolution potential, works with existing, legacy technologies Provides the best multiple service support Cable can be twisted-pair, coaxial or fiber-optic Ability to connect LAN to WAN Legacy LAN emulation Efficient bandwidth use by statistical multiplexing Scalability Higher aggregate bandwidth

DISADVANTAGE OF ATM
Flexible to efficiencys expense, at present, for any one application it is usually possible to find a more optimized technology Cost, although it will decrease with time New customer premises hardware and software are required Competition from other technologies -100 Mbps FDDI, 100 Mbps Ethernet and fast Ethernet

CONCLUSION
ATM technology is the only technology that can guarantee a certain and predefined quality of service. The growth of the Internet, need for broadband access and e-commerce are spurring the need for a reliable, flexible, scalable, predictable, versatile transport system and that is given by ATM Technology. For voice, video, data and images together, the next generation network depends on ATM.
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REFERENCE

1.www.jawin.com 2.www.freepatentsonline.com 3.www.electronicstalk.com 4.Prycker, Martin De, AsynchronousTransfer Mode: Solution for Broadband ISDN, Second Edition, Ellis Horwood

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QUERIES?