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Objectives
By the end of the session you will... examine research-based instructional strategies that affect student achievement identify various methods for teaching these strategies determine which strategies you will incorporate in your classroom practice.
Research
Robert
Marzano, Debra Pickering, Jane Pollock From books, Classroom Instruction That Works & The Handbook for Classroom Instruction that Works Identified nine instructional strategies that are most likely to improve student achievement across all content areas and across all grade levels
Clock Buddies
Sign your name on the top of your paper.
Category
Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
Percentile Gain
45 34 29
Synectics
Find
your 4:00 partner. Find another pair, finish the following statement.
Going back to school after Winter vacation is like ______________ because _________________ .
Give students a model for the process. Use familiar content to teach steps. Give students graphic organizers. Guide students as needed.
Summarizing
Recommendations for Classroom Practice
Use summary frames Use a rule-based summary strategy (a set of rules students can follow to summarize text)
Summarizing
Use the Triad Summarizing format to summarize the article Moving With the Brain in Mind Large Group Share
Note Taking
Research Note taking and summarizing are closely related. Both require students to identify what is most important about the knowledge they are learning and then state that knowledge in their own words.
Note Taking
Recommendations For Classroom Practice Teach students a variety of notetaking formats. Give students teacher-prepared notes. Remind students to review their notes.
1. 2.
3.
Note Taking
Although note taking is one of the most useful study skills a student can cultivate, often teachers do not explicitly teach note taking strategies in the classroom.
Note Taking
Cornell Notes
Find your 10:00 partner and share.
What elements of the Cornell note format make this type of note taking effective for students? How could this format be adapted for use with younger students?
Reinforcing Effort
Believing in effort can serve as a powerful motivational tool that students can apply to any situation
How do you reinforce students effort in your classroom? What is the purpose for reinforcing effort in the classroom? What makes reinforcing effort effective or ineffective? What questions do you have about reinforcing effort?
RESEARCH
People generally attribute success at any given task to one of four causes:
Effort Other people Ability Luck
Have students share personal examples of times they succeeded because they did not give up.
Reinforcing Effort
ORGANIZING CLASSROOMS FOR EFFORT
Students know what is expected. Fair and credible evaluations are used. Curriculum is geared to standards. Student responsibility for work is emphasized. Results are fixed, time varies. Recognition of accomplishment is utilized.
Providing Recognition
Providing recognition for attainment of specific goals not only enhances achievement, but it stimulates motivation
RESEARCH
Rewards do not necessarily have a negative effect on intrinsic motivation.
Reward is most effective when it is contingent on the attainment of some standard of performance. Abstract symbolic recognition is more effective than tangible rewards.
In your group, evaluate each example according to the Guidelines for Praise.
Determine if recognition is Effective or Ineffective Cite the specific criteria and explain your thinking.
Teacher Recognition Example 1: Dana was unable to make any connections among the elements using a table of characteristics. Mr. Mulder suggests she focus on one characteristic and look for connections. When he returns later, Dana explains how she had figured out a way to group the elements according to boiling point. Mr. Mulder congratulates her on on finding a valid connection.
Example 2: Mr. Mulder circulates as students are working in small groups. He pauses at Station 1 and comments, Nice work on your calculations. At Station 2, he says, Nice work on your graphs. At Station 3, he says, Nice work on your calculations.
Teacher Recognition Example 3: You really did a good job working through all of the steps and checking your answers for this problem. I know youve had difficulties with multi-step calculations before and sometimes settled for getting any answer down on paper, even if it wasnt correct. Your determination with third task really showed. Example 4: Good job. Jackson. Keep it up.
SNOWBALL ACTIVITY
On a post-it note answer this question. Why are Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition included in the nine categories of Instructional Strategies proven to increase student achievement?
Category
Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations
Percentile Gain
29 28 27
Cooperative learning
Homework
Rationale
Why
homework? - Students are in school a short time - Homework extends learning beyond the school day
Asset
Homework
What are the purposes of homework? What kind of homework do you assign your students? What makes homework effective, and how do you know it has been? What questions do you have about using homework?
Homework
Considerations/Recommendations
-Amount
10 X the # of the grade as a guideline -Parent involvement Parents as facilitators -Homework policy Feasible & defensible expectations -Purpose Without one, its busy work -Assignment sheets Clarify what they are doing and why -Feedback (be specific) Can improve student achievement
Practice
Research Students need to practice skills and processes before they can use them effectively. Goal is for learning a skill, not learning information.
Practice
Recommendations For Classroom Practice Determine which skills are worth practicing. Schedule massed and distributed practice. Help students shape a skill or process (explicit instruction and modeling)
Graphic Organizers
Use Graphic Organizers to:
Activate current knowledge Present information Take notes Summarize information Assess student learning
Graphic Organizers
Graphic
visible. Different graphic organizers represent different kinds of thinking. Students must be taught how to use graphic organizers. The goal is for students to be able to select the appropriate graphic organizer.
Graphic Organizers
Give OneGet One Take two post-it notes, on each one, write one way that you have used graphic organizers in your classroom.
Share
Cooperative Learning
Research Organizing students into cooperative groups yields a positive effect on overall learning if approach is systematic and consistent.
Cooperative Learning
Recommendations For Classroom Use
Teach students the elements of cooperative learning Vary grouping criteria (informal, formal and base) Manage group size (3-5 students)
Cooperative Learning
Pair Square Locate your Louvre Museum partner, find another team.
What
activity did we do today that is an example of cooperative learning? are some ways you group students other than skill level?
What
23
Setting Objectives
What
do students need to know and be able to do? How do I know they got it? What do I do when they dont? What do I do when they do?
Setting Objectives
Mastery
Objectives
Objectives
Language Written
in Kid-Friendly Language
Setting Objectives
Recommendations For Classroom Practice
Set standards-based goals for a unit and encourage students to set personal learning goals on how theyll achieve them. Communicate learning objectives to parents so they can provide appropriate support to students.
MORE CONCRETE: I want to write more effective introductions with clear, concise thesis statements. I want to use good paragraph form in my writing.
Providing Feedback
Recommendations For Classroom Practice Use various methods of assessment. Feedback should be corrective in nature. Give timely feedback. Feedback should be specific to criterion. Self-assessment tools may be used to gauge progress.
Providing Feedback
Academic feedback is more strongly and consistently related to achievement than any other teaching behavior. This relationship is consistent regardless of grade, socioeconomic status, race or school setting.
Bellon, Jerry J. Teaching from a Research Knowledge Base. 1992
Providing Feedback
Find your Anagram Partner and share. Why are rubrics an excellent way to give students specific feedback?
Examples of Strategies Systems Analysis Problem Solving Historical Investigation Invention Experimental Inquiry Decision Making
Cues Explicit reminders about what a student is about to experience Questions Help students analyze what they already know Advance Organizers Help students retrieve what they know about a topic and focus on the new information
of class time is verbal of that time is questions are asked by teacher are answered by teacher
Advance Organizers
Advance
organizers are organizational frameworks teachers present to students prior to teaching new content to prepare them for what they are about to learn. Advance organizers focus on essential information and get students ready to use the information.
Advance Organizers
Recommendations For Classroom Practice SQRRR (survey, question, read, recite, review)
Narrative
advance organizers (tell a story to make personal connections) Expository Skim a text Use graphic organizers
Advance Organizers
Find your Merovingian King partner and share:
Review
SQ3R method. What are some ways you could implement this in your classroom?
Review of Objectives
examine
research-based instructional strategies that affect student achievement identify various methods for teaching these strategies determine which strategies you will incorporate in your classroom practice.
Shaping Up Review
One thing that you loved learning about today Four things that are important concepts from todays session one in each corner.